Each part of speech has some of its own morphological features that characterize its grammatical properties. Knowledge of these distinctive features will allow you not only to use word forms correctly, but also to write them correctly. The characteristics influence, for example, the choice of suffixes for participles and gerunds and personal endings for nouns. To describe a verb, aspect (perfect and imperfect), reflexivity, transitivity, tense, number, person, gender and mood are used. Last characteristic helps to determine other inconstant properties of this part of speech and makes it possible to find out whether one or another form of the verb can be formed. What are the subjunctive, imperative and indicative moods? What is their role?

Definition

First, you need to understand what inclination is. According to dictionaries, this is a grammatical category denoting the relationship of action to reality. In the Russian language there are three, as mentioned above, moods. It's a complicated formulation, isn't it? Let's try it simpler.

Each of the three moods is responsible for a specific situation. For example, to describe a possibility, an unreal, hypothetical action, the subjunctive mood is used (“I would go”, “I would read”, “I would draw”), which can be recognized by the particle “would”. In order to order something, there is an imperative mood ("tell me", "go away", "breathe"). The indicative mood of the verb allows you to report any action that occurred in the past, present and future - this is precisely the advantageous difference between this type of mood and others.

A little more theory

Let's move on to the times. As was already mentioned just above, the indicative mood can exist in any tense of the Russian language, only the form of the verb will change from this ("read - read - will read", "wrote - will write"). But there is one clarification here, noticeable already in the examples: for verbs of the imperfect form, both past, present, and future tenses are available, while the perfect form forms only past and future forms. Try forming the present tense for the verb “to speak.” And make sure that you can do this only when its appearance changes. Thus, the form of the indicative mood allows you to understand what form a given verb has (easier to say, does it answer the question “what to do?” or “what to do?”).

Other moods

A useful clarification: not only the indicative mood allows us to talk about the tense of the verb. In the case of the subjunctive (by the way, it is also called conditional), everything is simple: exclusively past, formed with the help of the suffix “l” (“I would read”, “I would go”, “I would rest”, “I would knit”). Consequently, words have only number and gender, no person. The particle “would”, which serves as a kind of beacon of this type of mood, can appear both before and after the verb, and, in principle, can be found in any part of the sentence.

The indicative and imperative moods have person and number, but in the case of the latter one cannot talk about gender: for “orders” only the second person (“you/you”) is available in the singular and plural (“refuse/refuse”, “pour/pour” , "leave/leave"). By the way, there is one caveat here: using the particle “let” or “yes” you can translate any verb in the third person (“he, she, it, they”) into the imperative mood (“let him return,” “long live”).

Nuances

Sometimes it happens that the indicative mood of a verb can be used in the imperative sense. Some researchers note that we can talk about the transition of one mood to another in the case when an order is expressed that does not tolerate objections (“will you go”, “will you say”), or to indicate an incentive for joint action (“let’s start”, “let’s go” ). In the latter case, the particles “come on”/“let’s” and intonation emphasis on the verb are also used, explaining its meaning in context. Compare: “Tomorrow we will go to the mountains” and “Let’s go for a ride!” - the same word, but the shades of meaning are different.

Repetition

Now let's try to consolidate information about all types of inclination.

Subjunctive (also conditional) is a hypothetical action, a possible situation. It is formed by adding the particle “would” (“b”) to the past tense verb, has no person, changes only in numbers and gender: “would have said”, “would have drunk”, “would have thrown”.

Imperative - order or instruction. Verbs of the second person singular and plural are used, but sometimes the third person with the particle “let” is also allowed: “speak”, “refuse”, “let him sing”, “long live”.

The indicative mood is a description of an event that was happening at any moment. Exists in the past, present and future tense, in all persons, numbers and genders (for verbs not perfect form, for the perfect - only in the past and future tense). Under certain conditions, it can transform into other types of inclination. For repetition, we will use a table that shows all forms of the verb “read”.

As you can see, everything is very simple. In fact, the mood of verbs is one of the simplest topics in the Russian language, so remembering all its nuances will not be difficult at all.

Each of the morphological moods has general and particular meanings. General value indicative mood (indicative) - presentation of an action as real, which happened, is happening or will happen: Gradually one thoughttook possession Maria Trofimovna - the thought of how big the world is, how diverse it is, how amazing a person is and how wonderful it is that sheexists right now anddoes everything in her power to decorate and enrich the earth, so that human existenceit was becoming easier, smarter, fairer and more beautiful(Paust.).

The general meaning of the indicative mood in the context takes on certain private values:

1) the meaning of the affirmative or negative real modality: Almost all cut and collected flowers in the housedidn't hold . Instead of them everywherewere lying pieces of bark that look like troughs(Paust.);

2) the meaning of subjective-evaluative modality, which is expressed when there are modal words, particles, some conjunctions and adverbs in the sentence: Surrounding forestas if in the fogchenille in the smoke of gunpowder(Lerm.) - a particle with the meaning of unreality, raising doubts about the reality of the action itself; - And what,How I really amI'll take it and get married on her?(N.Ch.) - the meaning of the assumption about the possibility of carrying out a real action; Certainly , you more than onceseen county young lady album(P.) - the meaning of confidence in the reality of the named action.

The peculiarity of the indicative mood is its obligatory connection with tenses, which is completely unusual for the imperative and subjunctive moods. Speaking about the means of expressing the meaning of an indicative, we note that it does not have specific suffixes or other indicators. The forms of the indicative mood coincide with the tense forms and form a paradigm consisting of 26 members: forms 1, 2, 3 persons singular. and many more numbers of present and future tenses, forms of past tense units. numbers (masculine, feminine and neuter) and plural. numbers of SV and NSV.

§ 3. Imperative mood (imperative): its general and particular meanings. The question of the composition of the forms of the imperative and the qualification of its affixes.

General value imperative mood- an incentive to action on the part of the speaker. It is realized in speech in various private values: this is the meaning of a request, advice, warning, prohibition, command, call, in the expression of which intonation plays a decisive role: Lenka danced to the side and shouted in an impudent voice: “Aha!” Got it!Don't catch it, don't catch when you don't know how!(Paust .); Zhamme snorted like a sperm whale and shouted: -Take a bath , boys! Tomorrow we'll crawl into real hell(Paust.).

All these meanings are determined by the situation of speech, the intention and emotional attitude of the speaker, and the means of their expression is intonation. Outside of intonation, the imperative mood does not exist. Let us note some other means involved in expressing the semantics of the imperative. So, for example, the presence of personal pronouns softens the impulse and gives it the character of a request; the appeal emphasizes targeting; presence of particle -ka adds a familiar touch; use of the particle " Look" updates the warning: You say something to me, dear, goodbyewish (Isak.); Tell me , uncle, it’s not for nothing that Moscow, burned by fire, was given to the Frenchman?(Lerm.); Youlook now don't tell “Mom,” Katya said to Sonya, going to bed with her(Ch.).

There are two problems associated with the imperative mood in modern linguistics: 1) the question of the composition of the forms of the imperative and 2) the qualification of its affixes.

With a broad approach, which is adopted in a number of university textbooks, the forms of the imperative mood include: 1) forms of the 2nd person singular. and many more numbers: read, read ; 2) forms of 1st person plural. numbers (forms of joint action): let's go, let's go; let's go, let's go sing ; 3) 3rd person forms (always analytical): let him read, let him read.

Some linguists believe that the form of the imperative mood is only the 2nd person form, because the speaker’s will is always addressed to the interlocutor. Shape type come on, let's talk, let him read are called syntactic analogues of forms of the imperative mood, only functionally adjacent to them.

In Gr.-80, the imperative mood includes the forms of the 2nd person and the forms joint action, in which the meaning of the imperative is expressed through a postfix -those:let's go, let's fly or particles Let's in combination with the infinitive: let's sing . In the absence of a postfix or formative particle, the meaning of the incentive is expressed only intonationally, and the forms themselves are homonymous to the 1st person forms of the present-future indicative mood: let's run and read . Shape type let him read are considered as combinations of words.

The basic form of the imperative mood is the 2nd person form. It is formed from the basis of the present - future tense using the affix -And, materially expressed or zero: bring it, sit down , which in some cases qualifies as a suffix, in others - as an ending. For the education of many numbers serve as an affix -those, which is also considered ambiguously: as an ending, postfix or suffix.

A number of verbs have features in the formation of 2nd person imperative forms:

Verbs with suffix -va- at the base of the infinitive and without it at the base of the present tense, this suffix is ​​retained in the imperative mood: issue - issue - issue ;

Verbs with roots in -And- and all their prefix derivatives ( beat - knock out, beat down etc.) form the imperative mood with a base on -to her:hit - knock out, beat , which does not coincide with either the base of the infinitive or the base of the present tense: cf.: beat - bj-ut - beat ;

Verbs form the imperative mood in a special way: eat (eat), go (go), lie down (lie down).

The variability of forms of the imperative mood from some verbs is noted: pour out - rash And get out, climb - climb And climb, clean - clean And clean it etc.

Each member of a species pair has its own form of the imperative mood: carry out - carry out, carry out - carry out, decide - decide, decide - decide etc.

Some verbs do not form imperative forms, such as hear, see, want, can, rot, hurt ( feel pain ), resist; impersonal lexemes unwell, getting dark, feeling sick etc. The reasons for their insufficiency are most often semantic: these verbs denote actions that are carried out without the will of the subject.

Forms of joint action are plural forms. numbers; the impulse they designate always refers to two or more persons, including the speaker himself. The meaning of the imperative mood is expressed by them using:

1) postfix -those, attached to the forms of the 1st person plural. numbers of the indicative mood of verbs SV and unidirectional verbs of motion NSV: let's go, decide, let's go ;

2) using a particle Let's ) + form of 1st person plural. indicative numbers (SV) or + infinitive (NSV): let's decide, let's decide .

The impulse related to the 3rd person is expressed only in an analytical way: with the help of a particle let (let) which joins the forms of the 3rd person unit. and many more numbers of present and future tenses. In this case, the interlocutor is not the executor of the speaker’s will, but only the person conveying it: They have enough of their own princes,let to be king of anyonewill be elected (P.). Forms of the 3rd person imperative usually include formations with a particle Yes:Yes it will be “You know,” said the doctor triumphantly, “that miracles can happen in the twentieth century.”(Paust.).

Thus, the means of expressing the meaning of the imperative mood are varied: this is the suffix -And(or zero suffix), inflection -those, postfix -those(in irregular forms of joint action), particles come on, let them .

The imperative paradigm consists of 12 forms: