Ministry of Education of the Ryazan Region

Regional state budget education

Institution of secondary vocational education

"Kasimov technical school of water transport"

Work program of the discipline

GPD.03. Materials Science

Kasimov

2013

The work program of the discipline was developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard (hereinafter referred to as the Federal State Educational Standard) for the profession of primary vocational education (hereinafter referred to as NPO) 262023.01 “Master of carpentry and furniture production”.

APPROVED:

Director of OGBOU SPO "KTVT"

Shmelev A.V.

"__" __________ 2013

MP

Developer:

Lartsin Alexander Nikolaevich, teacher of OGBOU NPO "KTVT" I qualification category

Agreed with the methodological commission of the disciplines of the general education cycle and professional modules

Protocol MK No. _____ dated "__" ________ 2013

Chairman of the Commission _______ / Orlova O.V.

	PASSPORT OF THE WORKING PROGRAM OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE
	STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE
	CONDITIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE
	CONTROL AND EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS OF MASTERING THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE

1. PASSPORT OF THE WORKING PROGRAM OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE

"Materials Science"

1.1. SCOPE OF THE CURRICULUM

The work program of the discipline "Materials Science" is part of the main professional educational program in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard by profession NPO 262023.01 "Master of carpentry and furniture production".

The work program of the discipline "Materials Science" can be used in additional vocational education (in advanced training and retraining programs) and vocational training of workers in the field of joinery and furniture production.

1.2. THE PLACE OF DISCIPLINE IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE BASIC PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM: THE DISCIPLINE IS INCLUDED IN THE GENERAL PROFESSIONAL CYCLE.

1.3. GOALS AND TASKS OF THE DISCIPLINE - REQUIREMENTS FOR THE RESULTS OF MASTERING THE DISCIPLINE:

be able to :

• select and apply in the work the main structural and auxiliary materials for the manufacture of joinery and furniture products;
• determine the types of wood, sort wood according to defects, rationally use it in the manufacture of joinery and furniture products;
• store and dry timber and lumber;
• select and use wood materials (veneer, plywood, chipboard and fiberboard) for the manufacture of joinery and furniture products;
• select and use fasteners, fittings, fittings, glass products, mirrors and other auxiliary materials in work.

As a result of mastering the discipline, the student must

know :

• structural and auxiliary materials for the production of joinery and furniture products;
• the structure of wood and wood, its physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, the specifics of use in the production of joinery and furniture products;
• the main types of wood, their characteristics, flogging and grading of wood, the basics of forest merchandising;
• rules for storage and drying of timber and lumber;
• specifics and assortment of wood materials, their scope;
• the specifics and assortment of fasteners, fittings, fittings, glass products, mirrors, and other auxiliary materials.

1.4. NUMBER OF HOURS FOR MASTERING THE PROGRAM OF THE DISCIPLINE:

The maximum study load of a student is 84 hours, including:

Mandatory classroom teaching load of the student - 60 hours;

Independent work of the student - 24 hours.

2. STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE

Volume of academic discipline and types of educational work

Type of study work	Qty Hour.
Mandatory classroom teaching load (total)
including:
Workshops
Independent work of the student (total)
final examinationin the form of a differentiated offset

2.2. THEMATIC PLAN AND CONTENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE "MATERIAL SCIENCE"

Name sections and topics	Laboratory and practical work, independent work of students	Volume hours	Level of development
Section 1. Basic information about wood.
Topic 1.1. The structure of wood and wood
		Tree structure. Parts of a growing tree: roots, trunk, crown, their purpose
		Wood cuts: radial, tangential and transverse
		Macroscopic structure of wood. The structure of the trunk: bark, bast, cambium, sapwood, heartwood and heartwood.
		The microscopic structure of wood: wood tissues and vessels, the cellular structure of wood
	Distinctive external signs of radial, tangential, transverse sections. Influence of wood structure on the quality of processing.
Section 2. Properties of wood
Topic 2.1. Physical properties of wood		Properties that determine the appearance and smell of wood
		Macrostructure indicators.
		Humidity of wood and properties associated with its change.
		wood density
		Thermal, electrical.
		Practical work
		Determination of the content of late wood in the annual layer.
		Determination of the equilibrium moisture content of wood.
Topic 2.2. Chemical properties of wood		Chemical composition of wood and bark, basic chemical reactions.
Topic 2.3. Mechanical and technological properties of wood		Mechanical properties of wood.
		The strength of wood.
		hardness of wood.
		Technological properties of wood.
		Practical work
		Determination of the type of deformation according to the proposed samples.
	Independent work for students: The chemical composition of wood. Definition of indicators of macrostructure Loads on wooden products and structures.
Section 3. Defects of wood and their influence on the physical and mechanical properties of wood
Topic 3.1 Wood defects
		Defects in the shape of the trunk: taper, stalk growths, curvature.
		Defects in the structure of wood.
		Knots, their types and measurements. Cracks. Types of cracks.
		Types of wood damage.
		Cutting defects. Warping of various forms
		Practical work
		Determination of wood defects on samples (posters). Knots. Determination of wood defects on samples (posters). Defects in the structure of wood.
	Independent work for students: Characteristic differences between wood defects and its defects Causes of defects in wood processing, warping and the feasibility of its use in certain products.
Section 4. Characteristics of wood of the main species and their industrial application
Topic 4.1. Main types of wood
		The main macroscopic features of wood for species identification.
		Ring-vascular hardwoods: oak, ash, elm, elm, karach.
		Scattered vascular hardwoods. Foreign breeds:
		Practical work
		Determination of conifers by external signs. Determination of deciduous ring-vascular species by external features. Determination of deciduous scattered vascular species by external signs.
	Independent work for students: Characterization by macroscopic features of various types of wood with the rationale for their use in carpentry and furniture products
Section 5. Round timber materials
Topic 5.1. Lumber and blanks
		Timber classification, nominal sizes, gradations, allowances and tolerances; characteristics of timber.
		Practical work
		Implementation of measurement, accounting and marking of lumber and blanks.
	Independent work for students: Ways to obtain forest products. Characteristics of round timber. Accounting, determination of the volume and marking of round timber.
Section 6. Ensuring the durability of wood.
Topic 6.1. Storage, drying and protection of wood		Wood storage Importance of proper wood storage; ways to store it. Drying wood.
		Wood preservative. Appointment. Protective equipment. Antiseptic solutions. Types of antiseptic compositions: water, oil, pastes. Antiseptic methods. Coloring, impregnation, coating, dry antiseptic. Fire protection.
	Independent work for students: Advantages and disadvantages of wood drying methods. The need for wood preservative, its conservation and fire protection. Methods for applying antiseptic and fire retardant compositions on the surface of wooden parts, structures, products.
Section 7. Wood Based Materials
Topic 7.1. Wood-sheet and board materials
		Sliced ​​and peeled veneer: methods of obtaining, types and applications. Characteristics of veneer, its production, grades, sizes. Plywood.
		Chipboard (chipboard) and fibreboard (Fibreboard), their types, manufacture, brands, main sheet dimensions, use in the manufacture of joinery and furniture production
		Joiner's plates and boards. The concept of joiner's plates and shields.
		Practical work
		Determining the type of sheet material from samples. Studying chipboard grades
	Independent work for students: Assortment of milled wooden parts. Designs of window, balcony, door blocks, window sills, basic standard sizes, types of finishes. Wood-aluminum windows, their design and application
Section 8. Adhesives and paints and varnishes.
Topic 8.1. Adhesive compounds.
		General information about adhesives. Types, groups, classification, basic properties, characteristics of adhesives and requirements for them. The concept of the adhesive substance, solvents and auxiliary materials (substances) that make up adhesives, adhesion, viscosity, concentration of the adhesive solution, water resistance, viability, biological stability, hot and cold curing of adhesives. Appearance of adhesives.
Topic 8.2. paints and varnishes		Materials for preparing the surface of wood and wood-based materials for finishing: primers, putties, fillers.
		Film-forming agents and varnishes. Paints and enamels.
		Workshops
		The study of the main groups of adhesives. The study of materials for wood finishing.
		The study of glutin and casein adhesives by external signs Preparation of the working composition of adhesives
	Independent work for students: Types, properties, storage rules, use of glue based on synthetic resins in carpentry and furniture work. Adhesive films, tapes based on paper, synthetic resins and adhesives, their types, dimensions, properties and applications.
Section 9. Film and sheet materials for facing joinery
Topic 9.1. Facing materials
		Film materials based on paper (transparent and opaque). General information about the production of films from special paper.
		Film materials based on polymers. Types of film materials. Facing sheet materials.
	Independent work for students: Production of films from special paper. Types, brands, properties, front surface of the facing material, methods of fastening. Types, properties based on polymers.
Section 10. Fittings and fasteners
Topic 10.1. Metal products and furniture fittings.
		Metal fasteners. Fasteners used in the production of carpentry, glass and furniture work; nails: (carpentry, finishing, decorative, glass).
		Furniture accessories. Purpose and types of furniture fittings and furniture fasteners: ties, hinges. bolts. locks (mortise, mortise, overhead), holders, furniture handles, latches, brackets, products for functional equipment of cabinet furniture. Design, types of connecting products: squares, plates
		Practical work
		The study of basic metal fasteners and furniture fittings according to samples.
		Differentiated account.
		TOTAL

3. CONDITIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE

3.1. MINIMUM LOGISTICS REQUIREMENTS

The implementation of the academic discipline requires the presence of a study room "Materials Science"

Study room equipment:

• seats by the number of students;
• workplace of the teacher;
• a set of teaching and visual aids "Materials Science";
• standard samples of wood of various species, macro and microstructure of wood;
• albums with wood defects;
• samples of wood of various species;
• samples of wooden products;
• samples of adhesive films and tapes;
• samples of basic metal fasteners and furniture fittings.

Technical training aids:

• computer.

3.2. INFORMATION SUPPORT FOR TRAINING.

Main literature:

1. Stepanov B.A. Materials science for professions related to wood processing textbook: for the beginning. prof. education. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009.-328s.

Additional literature:

1. Stepanov B.A. Handbook of a carpenter and joiner: textbook. allowance for the beginning prof. education. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2010.-304s.
2. Directory Master of carpentry and furniture production: textbook. allowance for the beginning prof. education. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2010.-304s.
3. Klyuev G.I. Joiner (basic level): textbook. allowance. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2007.-80s.

4. CONTROL AND EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS OF MASTERING THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE

Control and evaluation of the results of mastering the academic discipline is carried out by the teacher in the process of conducting practical classes and laboratory work, testing, as well as the implementation of individual lessons, projects, and research by students.

Learning Outcomes (learned skills, acquired knowledge)	Forms and methods of monitoring and evaluating learning outcomes
Skills:
Describe the structure of wood of various species, the macro- and microstructure of wood. Determine defects in the shape of the trunk, the structure of the wood, chemical stains and biological damage	Workshops Testing
Determine the density, moisture content of wood samples to compare with the standard	Workshops
Determine the mechanical properties of wood of various species using standard samples	Workshops
Determine wood species by external features and properties
Distinguish adhesives by external features and prepare the working composition of adhesives	Workshops Testing
Distinguish between metal fasteners and furniture fittings by patterns	Workshops
Knowledge :
on the appointment of parts of the tree; characterize wood cuts according to samples, state the distinctive external features of radial, tangential, transverse cuts.	Workshops Testing
about the properties that determine the appearance of wood; types of moisture in wood	Independent work
on the mechanical and technological properties of wood	Extracurricular independent work
About methods of wood antiseptic, its conservation and fire protection	Workshops Testing
About types of forest materials and lumber	Workshops
On the technology of production of veneer, plywood, plywood chipboard and wood-fiber boards, their types, sizes, grades.	Extracurricular independent work
basic information about adhesives, paints and varnishes, purpose and properties.	Practical classes, extracurricular independent work
basic information about metal products and furniture fittings	Workshops

Introduction 3
FUNDAMENTALS OF WOOD 4
1. The structure of wood and wood 4
§ 1. Tree structure 4
§ 2. Macroscopic structure of wood 6
§ 3. Microscopic structure of wood 10

2. Physical properties of wood 14
§ 5. Moisture content of wood and properties associated with its change 16
§ 6. Density of wood
§ 7. Thermal conductivity, sound conductivity, electrical conductivity of wood 21

3. Mechanical properties of wood
§ 8. General concepts of mechanical properties and tests of wood 21
§ 9. Durability of wood
§ 10. Hardness, deformability and impact strength of wood 23
§ 11. Technological properties of wood 24

4. Wood defects 25
§ 12. Knots 26
§ 13. Cracks 29
§ 14. Defects in the shape of the trunk 32
§ 15. Defects in the structure of wood 33
§ 16. Chemical coloring 39
§ 17. Fungal lesions 39
§ 18. Damage to wood by insects 43
§ 19. Foreign inclusions and defects 44
§ 20. Wood deformations 46

5. Characteristics of wood of the main species and their industrial significance 46
§ 21. The main macroscopic features of wood to determine species 46
§ 22. Conifers 47
§ 23. Hardwoods 49
§ 24. Foreign species of trees 55

ADHESIVES AND FINISHING MATERIALS 57

6. Adhesives 57
§ 25. Types, composition and basic properties of adhesives 57
§ 26. Adhesives of animal origin 59
§ 27. Casein adhesives 62
§ 28. Synthetic adhesives 63

7. Paintwork and other finishing materials
§ 29. Coloring agents, fillers, solvents, thinners, plasticizers 68
§ 30. Film-forming substances 71
§ 31. Primers, fillers, fillers and putties 73
§ 32. Varnishes and varnishes 76
§ 33. Paints and enamels 81

8 Film and sheet finishing materials 8E
§ 34. Film and sheet materials based on papers 85
§ 35. Films made of synthetic resins 86
§ 36. Decorative paper laminates 87

9. Auxiliary materials 88
§ 37. Grinding materials
§ 38. Polishing, deresining and bleaching compositions 90

FOREST COMMERCIAL 93

10. Classification and standardization of forest products 93
11. Round timber 94
§ 39. Characteristics of round timber 94
§ 40. Measurement, accounting and marking of round timber 96
§ 41. Storage of round timber 99

12. Lumber and blanks 99
§ 42. Characteristics of lumber 99
§ 43. Sawn softwood and hardwood 102
§ 44. Blanks § 45. Measurement, accounting and marking of lumber and blanks 105

13. Ways to extend the life of wood 107
§ 46. Storage and atmospheric drying of wood
§ 47. Protection of wood from decay and destruction by insects 109
§ 48. Fire protection of wood 112

14. Veneer, plywood and wood-based panels 113
§ 49. Sliced ​​and peeled veneer FROM
§ 50. Plain plywood 115
§ 51. Plywood for special purposes 116
§ 52. Plywood boards 118
§ 53. Bent glued blanks 118
§ 54. Blockboards
§ 55. Fibreboards 120
§ 56. Particle boards 123

15. Materials and products for construction 125
§ 57 Window and balcony blocks 125
§ 58 Door blocks 129
§ 59. Materials and products for floors 132
§ 60. Wooden milled and molded parts for construction 139
§ 61. Roofing and other materials 143

16. Metal products and furniture fittings 147
§ 62. Brief information about metals and alloys 147
§ 63. Metal fasteners 150
§ 64. Devices and products for windows and doors 152
§ 65. Furniture fittings 157
§ 66. Glass and mirrors 164

17. Insulating, fastening and lubricating materials 166
§ 67. Insulating materials and mastics 166
§ 68. Electrical insulating materials 168
Section 69 Lubricants 169
Literature 170

The book contains information about the structure, physical and mechanical properties, wood defects and their influence on its quality, gives a classification and distinguishing features of coniferous and hardwood wood. The classification and characteristics of round timber, lumber and blanks, sliced ​​and peeled veneer, plywood, wood-based panels, as well as wooden parts and products for construction are given.

Introduction

It is difficult to name any branch of the national economy where wood would not be used in one form or another (natural or processed), and to list all the various products in which wood is an integral part. In terms of the volume of use and variety of applications in the national economy, no other material can be compared with wood.
The wide use of wood is facilitated by its high physical and mechanical qualities, good machinability, as well as effective ways to change the individual properties of wood by chemical and mechanical processing. Wood is easily processed, has low thermal conductivity, sufficiently high strength, good resistance to shock and vibration loads, and is durable in a dry environment. The positive properties of wood are the ability to stick together firmly, maintain a beautiful appearance and perceive the finish well. At the same time, wood has disadvantages: it is prone to burning and decay, it is destroyed by insects and fungi, it is hygroscopic, as a result of which it can swell and undergo shrinkage, warping and cracking. In addition, wood has defects of biological origin, which reduce its quality.
Adhesives, paints and varnishes, finishing films, plastics, fittings and other materials play an important role in the manufacture of wood products.
Widely used in the manufacture of joinery are peeled and sliced ​​veneers - raw materials for the production of various semi-finished products. Peeled veneer is used to make glued laminated wood - plywood, plywood boards, glued furniture parts, parts of TV and radio cases, containers. Sliced ​​veneer is the main facing material for parts made from low-value wood, plywood and chipboard.
The type and properties of the materials used depend on the methods and modes of processing, the quality of the manufactured products, their appearance, strength, durability, and cost.
Unlike oil, coal and gas, wood is a renewable natural resource. However, this does not exclude the need for careful and rational use of it. The achievements of science, especially chemistry, and best practices are the basis for the use of wood - this gift of wildlife. The rational use of forests is an important part of the general problem of nature protection, the state importance of which was emphasized in the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 20, 1972 "On measures to further improve nature conservation and rational use of natural resources." Article 67 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics states: "Citizens of the USSR are obliged to protect nature and protect its riches." The protection of forest resources is easy to explain: forests have a positive effect on the country's climate, create good working and recreational conditions for people, and for the development of agriculture. Massive deforestation leads to the formation of deserts, soil erosion, shallowing of rivers, dry winds and a sharp decrease in productivity. Forest is our national wealth, it must be spent carefully, with the greatest return. In the tenth five-year plan, due to the deepening of the processing of raw materials, the expansion of the technological use of waste and low-quality wood, the economy of industrial wood should be more than 40 million m3. To make a contribution to the fulfillment of this important national economic task is a matter of honor for every joiner and carpenter, every lumberjack and woodworker.

BASICS OF WOOD SCIENCE
1. The structure of wood and wood
§ 1. Tree structure
Parts of a growing tree. A growing tree consists of a crown, trunk and roots (Fig. 1). During the life of a tree, each of these parts performs its specific functions and has a different industrial application.
The crown consists of branches and leaves (or needles). From carbon dioxide absorbed from the air and water obtained from the soil, complex organic substances are formed in the leaves, which are necessary for the life of the tree. The industrial use of the crown is small. From the leaves (needles) they get vitamin flour - a valuable product for livestock and poultry farming, medicines, from the branches - technological shepa for the production of containerboard and fiberboard.
The trunk of a growing tree conducts water with dissolved minerals upwards (ascending current), and with organic substances down to the roots (descending current); stores spare nutrients; serves to accommodate and maintain the crown. It gives the bulk of the wood (from 50 to 90% of the volume of the whole tree) and is of major industrial importance. The upper thin part of the trunk is called the top, the lower thick part is called the butt.
On fig. 1, b shows the process of development of a coniferous tree from a seed and a diagram of the construction of a tree trunk at the age of 13 years. The growth process can be thought of as the growth of cone-shaped layers of wood. Each last cone has a large height and base diameter. The figure shows 10 concentric circles (boundaries of annual increments) on the lower cross section, and on the upper same section there are only five of them. Therefore, it takes 3 years and 8 years, respectively, for the tree to reach the height at which the lower and upper cross sections are made.
Roots conduct water with minerals dissolved in it up the trunk; store food reserves and keep the tree upright. The roots are used as a second-class fuel. Stumps and large roots of pine, some time after felling trees, serve as raw materials for obtaining rosin and turpentine.
Main sections of the trunk. A cut passing perpendicular to the stem axis forms an end plane, a cut passing through the core of the stem forms a radial plane, and at some distance from it a tangential plane (Fig. 2). The wood in these cuts has a different appearance and different properties.
On the transverse section of the trunk (Fig. 3) one can see the core, bark and wood with its annual layers.
The bark covers the tree in a continuous ring and consists of a layer - a crust and an inner layer - bast 5, which conducts water with organic substances produced in the leaves down the trunk. The bark protects the tree from mechanical damage, sudden changes in temperature, insects and other harmful environmental influences.
The type and color of the bark depends on the age and type of tree. In young trees, the bark is smooth, and with age, cracks appear in the bark. The bark can be smooth (fir), scaly (pine), fibrous (juniper), warty (euonymus). The color of the bark has many shades, for example, white in birch, dark gray in oak, dark brown in spruce.
Rice. 3. Cross section of the trunk:
7 - core 2 - core rays 3 - core. 4 - cork xu, 5 - bast layer 6 - sapwood. 7 - cambium. 8 - annual layers
Depending on the species, the age of the tree and the growing conditions of our forest species, the bark makes up from 6 to 25% of the trunk volume. The bark of many tree species has many practical uses. It is used for tanning leather, making floats, corks, heat-insulating and building boards. Bast, matting, ropes, etc. are made from the bast of the bark. Chemical substances used in medicine are extracted from the bark. Birch bark serves as a raw material for tar. Between the bark and the wood there is a very thin, juicy layer not visible to the naked eye - the cambium, consisting of living cells.
Wood in a growing tree - occupies most of the trunk and is of major industrial importance.
The terms and definitions of the basic concepts related to the structure and physical and mechanical properties of wood are established by GOST 23431-79.
§ 2. Macroscopic structure of wood
Sapwood, heartwood, mature wood
The wood of our forest species is usually painted in a light color. At the same time, in some species, the entire mass of wood is painted in one color (alder, birch, hornbeam), in others the central part has a darker color (oak, larch, pine). The dark-colored part of the trunk is called the core, and the light peripheral part is called sapwood.
In the case when the central part of the trunk has a lower water content, that is, it is drier, it is called ripe wood, and the rocks are called ripe wood. Rocks with a core are called sound. The rest of the rocks, which do not have a difference between the central and peripheral parts of the trunk, either in color or in water content, are called sapwood (non-core).
Of the tree species growing on the territory of the Soviet Union, the core is: conifers - pine, larch, cedar; deciduous - oak, ash, elm, poplar. Mature wood species are from coniferous spruce and fir, from deciduous beech and aspen. Sapwood includes hardwoods: birch, maple, hornbeam, boxwood.
However, in some non-core species (birch, beech, aspen), a darkening of the central part of the trunk is observed. In this case, the dark central zone is called the false nucleus.
Young trees of all species do not have a core and consist of sapwood. Only with the passage of time is the core formed due to the transition of sapwood into sound wood.
The core is formed due to the death of living cells of wood, blockage of waterways, deposition of tannins, dyes, resin, calcium carbonate. As a result, the color of wood, its mass and mechanical properties change. The width of the sapwood varies depending on the breed, growing conditions. In some species, the core is formed in the third year (yew, white locust), in others - in the 30-35th year (pine). Therefore, the sapwood of gis is narrow, while that of pine is wide.
The transition from sapwood to the heartwood can be abrupt (larch, yew) or smooth (walnut, cedar). In a growing tree, the sapwood serves to conduct water with minerals from the roots to the leaves, and the core performs a mechanical function. Sapwood wood easily passes water, is less resistant to decay, therefore, in the manufacture of containers for liquid goods, sapwood should be used to a limited extent.
Annual layers, early and late wood
The cross section shows concentric layers located around the core. These formations represent the annual growth of timber. They are called annual layers. On the radial section, the annual layers have the form of longitudinal stripes, on the tangential section - tortuous lines (Fig. 4). Annual layers grow annually from the center to the periphery, and the youngest layer is the outer one. The age of the tree can be determined by the number of annual layers on the end section on the butt.
The width of the annual layers depends on the breed, growth conditions, position in the trunk. In some species (fast-growing) the annual layers are wide (poplar, willow), in others they are narrow (boxwood, yew). The narrowest annual layers are located in the lower part of the trunk; up the trunk, the width of the layers increases, since the tree grows both in thickness and in height, which brings the shape of the trunk closer to the cylinder.
In the same breed, the width of the annual layers may be different. Under unfavorable growth conditions (drought, frost, lack of nutrients, waterlogged soils), narrow annual layers are formed.
Sometimes, on two opposite sides of the trunk, the annual layers have an unequal width. For example, in trees growing on the edge of a forest, on the side facing the light, the annual rings are wide. As a result, the core of such trees is shifted to the side and the trunk has an eccentric structure.
Some breeds are characterized by an irregular shape of the annual layers. So, on the cross section of the hornbeam, yew, juniper, the waviness of the annual layers is observed.
Each annual layer consists of two parts - early and late wood: early wood (internal) facing the core, light and soft; late wood (outer) facing the bark, dark and hard. The difference between early and late wood is clearly expressed in conifers and some leaves.
Rice. S. View of the core rays on the transverse (a), tangential (b), radial (c) sections of wood
venous breeds. Early wood is formed in early summer and serves to carry water up the trunk; late wood is deposited towards the end of summer and has a mainly mechanical function. Its density and mechanical properties depend on the amount of late wood.
Core beams, core repetitions
On the transverse section of some rocks, light, often shiny, lines directed from the core to the bark are clearly visible to the naked eye - core rays (Fig. 5). Core rays are present in all breeds, but only a few are visible.
In width, the core rays can be very narrow, not visible to the naked eye (in boxwood, birch, aspen, pear and all conifers); narrow, difficult to distinguish (in maple, elm, elm, linden); wide, clearly visible to the naked eye on a transverse section. Wide beams are real wide (for oak, beech) and false wide - bunches of close narrow beams (for hornbeam, alder, hazel).
On a radial section, the core rays are visible in the form of light shiny stripes or ribbons located across the fibers. The core rays may be lighter or darker in color than the surrounding wood.
On a tangential section, they are visible in the form of dark strokes with pointed ends or in the form of lenticular stripes located along the fibers. "The width of the rays varies from 0.015 to 0.6 mm.
The core beams in felled wood create a beautiful pattern (on a radial cut), which is important when choosing wood as a decorative material.
In a growing tree, the core rays serve to conduct water in a horizontal direction and to store reserve nutrients.
The number of core rays depends on the species: in hardwoods, core rays are approximately 2-3 times more severe than in conifers.
On the end section of wood of some species, you can see scattered dark spots of brown, brown color, located closer to the border
annual layer. These formations are called core repetitions. Core repetitions are formed due to damage to the cambium by insects or frost and resemble the color of the core.
Vessels
On the transverse (end) section of hardwood, holes are visible, representing sections of vessels - tubes, channels of various sizes, intended for conducting water. By size, the vessels are divided into large, clearly visible to the naked eye, and small, not visible to the naked eye.
Large vessels are most often located in the early wood of the annual layers and form a continuous ring of vessels in a transverse section. Such hardwoods are called ring-vascular. In ring-vascular species, in late wood, small vessels are collected in groups, clearly visible due to their light color. If small and large vessels are evenly distributed over the entire width of the annual layer, then such species are called scattered vascular hardwoods.
In annular hardwoods, the annual rings are clearly visible due to the sharp difference between earlywood and latewood. In deciduous scattered vascular species, such a difference between early and late wood is not observed, and therefore the annual rings are poorly visible.
In hardwood ring-vascular species, small vessels in late wood form the following types of groupings: radial - in the form of light radial stripes resembling flames (Fig. 6, a - oak, chestnut); tangential - small vessels form light solid or intermittent wavy lines, elongated along the annual layers (Fig. 6, b - elm, elm, elm); scattered - small vessels in late wood are located in the form of light dots or dashes (Fig. 6, c - ash).
On fig. Figure 6d shows the location of the vessels in a deciduous scattered vascular species (walnut). Vessels are distributed evenly across the entire width of the annual layer.
On radial and tangential sections, the vessels look like longitudinal grooves. The volume of vessels, depending on the breed, ranges from 7 to 43%.
resin passages
A characteristic feature of the structure of coniferous wood is resin passages. There are vertical and horizontal resin ducts. Horizontal ones pass along the core rays. Vertical resin passages are thin narrow channels filled with resin. On a cross section
Rice. 6. Types of groupings of vessels:
a, 6, c - ring-vascular rocks with radial, tangential and scattered grouping, d - race-vascular breed
vertical resin canals are visible as light dots located in the late wood of the annual layer; on longitudinal sections, resin ducts are visible in the form of dark strokes directed along the axis of the trunk. The number and size of resin passages depend on the type of wood. In pine wood, resin passages are large and numerous, in larch wood - small and few.
Resin ducts occupy a small volume of trunk wood (0.2-0.7%) and therefore do not have a significant effect on the properties of wood. They are important when tapping, when resin (resin) is obtained from growing trees.
§ 3. Microscopic structure of wood
Examination of wood under a microscope shows that it consists of the smallest particles - cells, mostly (up to 98%) dead. The plant cell has the thinnest transparent shell, inside which is the protoplast, consisting of the cytoplasm and nucleus.
The cell wall in young plant cells is a transparent, elastic and very thin (up to 0.001 mm) film. It consists of organic matter - fiber, or cellulose.
With development, depending on the functions that a particular cell is called upon to perform, the size, composition and structure of its shell change significantly. The most common type of cell wall alteration is their lignification and corking.
The lignification of the cell membrane occurs during the life of the cells as a result of the formation in them of a special organic substance - lignin. Lignified cells either completely stop growing, or increase in size to a much lesser extent than cells with cellulose membranes.
Cellulose in the cell membrane is presented in the form of fibers, which are called microfibrils. The gaps between the microfibrils are filled mainly with lignin, hemicelluloses, and bound moisture.
In the process of growth, the cell walls thicken, leaving unthickened places called pores. The pores serve to carry water and dissolved nutrients from one cell to another.
Types of wood cells. The cells that make up wood vary in shape and size. There are two main types of cells: cells with a fiber length of 0.5-3 mm, a diameter of 0.01-0.05 mm, with pointed ends - prosenchymal and smaller cells that look like a polyhedral prism with approximately the same side sizes (0, 01-0.1 mm), - parenchymal.
Parenchymal cells serve to deposit reserve nutrients. Organic nutrients in the form of starch, fats and other substances are accumulated and stored in these cells until spring, and in spring they are sent to the crown of the tree to form leaves. Rows of parenchymal cells are located near the tree along the radius and are part of the medullary rays. Their number in the total volume of wood is insignificant: in conifers 1-2%, in hardwoods - 2-15%
The bulk of the wood of all species consists of prosenchymal cells, which, depending on the vital functions they perform, are divided into conductive and supporting or mechanical. Conductive cells in a growing tree serve to conduct water from the soil to the crown with solutions of mineral substances; supporting create the mechanical strength of wood.
Wood fabrics. Cells of the same structure, performing the same functions, form wood tissues.
In accordance with the purpose and type of cells that make up tissues, there are: storage, conductive, mechanical (supporting) and integumentary tissues.
Storage tissues (Fig. 7, a, b) consist of short storage cells and serve to accumulate and store nutrients. Storage tissues are found in the trunk and roots.
Conductive tissues consist of elongated thin-walled cells (Fig. 7, c) (vessels, tubes), through which moisture absorbed by the roots passes to the leaves.
The length of the vessels is on average about 100 mm; in some species, such as oak, vessels reach 2-3 m in length. The diameter of the vessels ranges from hundredths of a millimeter (in small-vascular breeds) to 0.5 mm (in large-vascular breeds).
Mechanical tissues (supporting) are located in the trunk (Fig. 7, d). These fabrics give stability to the growing tree. The more this fabric, the wood is denser, harder, stronger. Mechanical tissues are called libriform.
Integumentary tissues are located in the cortex and play a protective role.
The structure of coniferous wood. Coniferous wood is characterized by comparative simplicity and correct structure. Its main mass (90-95%) is made up of elongated cells arranged in radial rows with oblique ends, called tracheids. The walls of the tracheids have pores through which they communicate with neighboring cells. Within the annual layer, early and late tracheids are distinguished. Early tracheids (Fig. 7e) form in spring and early summer, have thin shells with pores, wide cavities, and serve to carry water with dissolved minerals. In early tracheids, the size in the radial direction is larger than in the tangential direction. The ends of early tracheids are rounded.
Late tracheids are formed at the end of summer, have narrow cavities and thick cell membranes, therefore they perform a mechanical function, giving strength to the wood. The size in the radial direction is smaller than in the tangential direction.
The number of pores on the walls of early tracheids is approximately 3 times greater than on the walls of late tracheids. Tracheids are dead cells. In the trunk of a growing tree, only the newly formed annual layer contains living tracheids.
Resin passages are a feature of the structure of coniferous wood.
They are cells that produce and store resin. Some breeds have only resin cells separated from each other (fir, yew, juniper), in other breeds resin cells are connected in a system and form resin ducts (pine, spruce, larch, cedar). There are horizontal and vertical resin passages, which together form a single system of communicating channels.
Horizontal resin ducts run along the medullary rays and are clearly visible on the tangential section of the trunk.
The microscopic structure of coniferous wood is shown in f fig. 8, a.
Woody parenchyma in conifers is not very common and consists of single parenchymal cells or cells elongated along the length of the trunk, connected in long rows along the axis of the trunk. There is no woody parenchyma in yew and pine.
The structure of hardwood. Compared to conifers, hardwoods have a more complex structure (Fig. 8, b). Basic
the volume of hardwood wood is made up of vessels and vascular tracheids, libriform fibers, parenchymal cells.
Vessels are a system of cells that serve in a growing tree to carry water with minerals dissolved in it from the roots to the leaves. Water from the vessels passes to neighboring living cells through the pores present in the side walls of the vessels.
Libriform fibers (see reef 8, b) are the most common cells of hardwood wood and make up their main mass (up to 76%). The rest of the volume of wood is made up of wood parenchyma cells. These cells can be collected in vertical rows called strands of wood parenchyma. Libriform fibers are long cells with pointed ends, with thick membranes and narrow cavities. The walls of the libriform fibers are always lignified, have narrow channels - slit-like pores. The length of the libriform fibers is in the range of 0.3-2 mm, and the thickness is 0.02-0.005 mm.
Libriform fibers - the most durable elements of hardwood, perform mechanical functions.
The size and quantitative ratio of the various cells that make up wood, even in the same species, can vary depending on the age and growth conditions of the tree.
Parenchymal cells that perform spare functions in hardwood wood primarily form core rays.
The core rays in hardwoods are more developed than in conifers. In width, the medullary rays can be narrow single-row, consisting of one 4 row of cells elongated along the radius, and wide multi-row, consisting of several rows of cells in width. In height, the core rays consist of several dozen rows of cells (up to 100 or more in oak, beech). On the tangential section, single-row rays are presented as a vertical chain of cells; multi-row rays are lentil-shaped.
Hardwoods shed their leaves for the winter and need a lot of reserve nutrients to produce new leaves in the spring of the following year, so hardwoods contain more woody parenchyma cells.
Influence of wood structure on its physical and mechanical properties. The fine structure of the cell membrane has a significant impact on the properties of wood. A decrease in the amount of bound moisture leads to a decrease in the distances between microfibrils, which increases the cohesion between them and the content of solid wood pulp per unit volume. All this leads to an improvement in the mechanical properties of wood. On the contrary, with an increase in the amount of bound moisture, the microfibrils move apart, which reduces the mechanical properties of wood.
Microfibrils are located predominantly along the long axis of the cell. This determines the greater mechanical strength of wood precisely along the fibers.
The dimensions of individual anatomical elements also affect the physical and mechanical properties of wood. Since late tracheids have a large wall thickness, an increase in the content of the late zone in the annual layers leads to an increase in density, hardness, and mechanical strength. Similarly, in hardwoods, an increase in the content of libriform fibers, especially with thick walls, leads to an increase in mechanical properties.
Features of the microscopic structure of hardwood and coniferous wood determine the difference in their properties. The fibers of coniferous wood are straight. Therefore, conifers have higher strength indicators at the same density. Hardwood has some
tortuosity of the fibers, as a result of which it has higher impact strength and higher strength when dropping along the fibers. The wood of deciduous ring-vascular species bends better, since vessels are located in the early wood, which allow the wood to be compacted without destruction.
2. Physical properties of wood
The physical properties of wood are those that are determined without violating the integrity of the test sample and changing its chemical composition, i.e., they are detected by inspection, weighing, measuring, drying.
The physical properties of wood include: appearance and smell, density, humidity and related changes - shrinkage, swelling, cracking and warping. The physical properties of wood also include its electrical, sound and thermal conductivity, macrostructure indicators.

§ 4. Properties that determine the appearance of wood
The appearance of wood is determined by its color, luster, texture and macrostructure.
Color. The color of the wood is given by the tannins, resinous and coloring substances that are in the cavities of the cells.
The wood of species growing in different climatic conditions has a different color: from white (aspen, spruce, linden) to black (ebony). The wood of species growing in hot and southern regions has a brighter color compared to the wood of species of the temperate zone. Within the climatic zone, each tree species has its own special color, which can serve as an additional sign for its recognition. So, hornbeam wood has a light gray color, oak and ash - brown, walnut - brown. Under the influence of light and air, the wood of many species loses its brightness, acquiring a grayish color in the open air.
Alder wood, which has a light pink color when freshly cut, darkens soon after felling and acquires a yellowish-red color. Oak wood, which has lain in water for a long time, acquires a dark brown and even black color (bog oak). The color of wood also changes as a result of damage to it by various types of fungi. The age of the tree also affects the color of the wood. Young trees tend to have lighter wood than older trees. The wood of oak, pear and white acacia, boxwood, chestnut has a stable color.
The color of wood is important in the production of furniture, musical instruments, carpentry and art. The color saturated with richness of shades gives to products from wood beautiful appearance. The color of wood of some species is improved by subjecting it to various treatments - steaming (beech), pickling (oak, chestnut) or staining with various chemicals. The color of wood and its shades are usually characterized by definitions - red, white, pink, light pink, and only if necessary, according to the atlas or color scale.
Glitter is the ability to directionally reflect the light flux. The brilliance of wood depends on its density, quantity, size and location of the core rays. The core rays have the ability to directionally reflect light rays and create a shine on the radial cut.
The wood of beech, maple, elm, plane tree, white acacia, oak is distinguished by a special brilliance. The wood of aspen, linden, poplar, which has very narrow core rays and relatively thin cell walls of mechanical tissues, has a matte surface.
The sheen gives the wood a beautiful look and can be enhanced by polishing, varnishing, waxing or pasting with synthetic resin transparencies.
Texture - a pattern that is obtained on cuts of wood when cutting its fibers, annual layers and core rays. The texture depends on the features of the anatomical structure of individual wood species and the direction of the cut. It is determined by the width of the annual layers, the difference in the color of early and late wood, the presence of core rays, large vessels, the wrong arrangement of fibers (wavy or confused). Conifers on a tangential section due to a sharp difference in the color of early and late wood give a beautiful texture. Hardwoods with pronounced annual rings and developed core rays (oak, beech, maple, elm, elm, sycamore) have a very beautiful texture on the radial and tangential sections (Fig. 9 on the insert). Wood with an irregular arrangement of fibers (curl is wavy and confused) has a particularly beautiful pattern.
Softwood and soft hardwood have a simpler and less varied pattern than hard hardwood.
When using transparent varnishes, you can enhance and bring out the texture.
Often, special methods of wood processing are used - peeling plywood logs at an angle to the direction of the fibers, radial planing, pressing or replacing with an artificial texture - the surface is painted with an airbrush under the texture of valuable species or pasted over with textured paper.
The texture determines the decorative value of wood, which is especially important in the manufacture of artistic furniture, various crafts, when decorating musical instruments, etc.
The smell of wood depends on the resins, essential oils, tannins and other substances in it. Coniferous species - pine, spruce - have a characteristic smell of turpentine. Oak has the smell of tannins, bakout and rosewood - vanilla. The juniper smells pleasant, so its branches are used when steaming barrels. Of great importance is the smell of wood in the manufacture of containers. When freshly cut, wood has a stronger odor than when dried. The kernel smells stronger than sapwood. By the smell of wood, individual species can be identified.
Macrostructure. To characterize wood, it is sometimes sufficient to determine the following indicators of the macrostructure.
The width of the annual layers is determined by the number of layers per 1 cm of the segment measured in the radial direction on the end section.
The width of the annual layers affects the properties of wood. For coniferous wood, an improvement in properties is noted if there are at least 3 and no more than 25 layers in 1 cm. In deciduous ring-vascular species (oak, ash), an increase in the width of the annual layers occurs due to the late zone and, therefore, strength, density and hardness increase. For deciduous diffusely vascular wood (birch, beech), there is no such clear dependence of properties on the width of the annual rings.
The content of late wood (in %) is determined on samples from coniferous and ring-shaped hardwoods. How
the higher the content of late wood, the greater its density, and hence the higher its mechanical properties.
The degree of equal layering is determined by the difference in the number of annual layers in two adjacent sections 1 cm long. This indicator is used to characterize the resonant ability of spruce and fir wood.
When processing wood with cutting tools, hollow anatomical elements (vessels) are cut and irregularities form on the surface of the wood. In such species as oak, ash, walnut, the magnitude of structural irregularities is significant. Since the wood of these species is used for finishing products, it is necessary to reduce the magnitude of these irregularities before polishing. To do this, a special operation is performed, which is called pore filling.

§ 5. Moisture content of wood and properties associated with its change
Humidity. The moisture content of wood is the ratio of the mass of moisture in a given volume of wood to the mass of absolutely dry wood, expressed in%. Humidity is determined according to GOST 16588-79.
Absolutely dry wood in small samples can be obtained by drying it in special cabinets.
Moisture in wood impregnates cell membranes and fills cell cavities and intercellular spaces. Moisture that impregnates cell membranes is called bound or hygroscopic. Moisture that fills cell cavities and intercellular spaces is called free, or capillary.
When wood dries, first free moisture evaporates from it, and then hygroscopic. When wood is moistened, moisture from the air impregnates only the cell membranes until they are completely saturated. Further moistening of wood with filling of cell cavities and intercellular spaces occurs only with direct contact of wood with water (soaking, steaming, alloying).
The total amount of moisture in wood is the sum of free and bound moisture. The limiting amount of free moisture depends on how large the volume of voids in the wood that can be filled with water.
The state of wood, in which the cell membranes contain the maximum amount of bound moisture, and only air is in the cell cavities, is called the hygroscopic limit. Humidity corresponding to the limit of hygroscopicity at room temperature (20°C) is 30% and practically does not depend on the rock.
There are the following levels of wood moisture: wet - a long time in the water, humidity above 100% freshly cut - humidity 50-10C%; air-dry - stored in the air for a long time, humidity 15-20% (depending on climatic conditions and season); room-dry - humidity 8-12% and absolutely dry - humidity 0%. The moisture content in the trunk of a growing tree varies along the height and radius of the trunk, as well as depending on the season. The moisture content of pine sapwood is three times higher than that of the core. In hardwoods, the change in moisture along the diameter is more uniform.
Along the height of the trunk, the moisture content of sapwood in conifers increases up the trunk, while the moisture content of the core does not change. In hardwoods, the moisture content of the sapwood does not change, but the moisture content of the core decreases up the trunk.
In young trees, the humidity is higher and its fluctuations during the year are greater than in older trees. The greatest amount of moisture is contained in the winter period (November-February), the minimum - in the summer months (July-August). The moisture content in the trunks varies during the day: in the morning and evening, the moisture content of trees is higher than during the day.
To determine the moisture content of wood, the drying method and the electric method are used.
END OF BOOK FRAGMENT

Introduction 3
Section one. Fundamentals of Timber Science 5
Chapter I. The structure of wood and wood 5
§ 1. Tree structure 5
§ 2. Macroscopic structure of wood 6
§ 3. Microscopic structure of wood 9
Chapter II. Physical and chemical properties of wood 12
§ 4. Properties that determine the appearance of wood 12
§ 5. Moisture content of wood and properties associated with its change 14
§ 6. Density of wood 17
§ 7. Thermal conductivity, sound conductivity, electrical conductivity of wood 18
§ 8. Chemical structure and use of wood 19
Chapter III. Mechanical properties of wood 20
§ 9. Durability of wood 20
§ 10. Hardness, deformability and impact strength of wood 21
§ 11. Technological properties of wood 22
Chapter IV. Wood defects 23
§ 12. Knots 23
§ 13. Cracks 26
§ 14. Defects in the shape of the trunk 28
§ 15. Defects in the structure of wood 29
§ 16. Chemical colorings. . . , .... 34
§ 17. Fungal lesions. , 34
§ 18. Biological damage. . . . ... . . . 36
§ 19. Foreign inclusions, mechanical "damages and defects in processing 37
§ 20. Warped™. . . . .. . ; . ........ . . , - . . . . 39
Chapter V
§ 21. The main macroscopic features of wood to determine species 40
§ 22. Conifers 40
§ 23. Hardwoods 43
§ 24. Foreign rocks 47
Section two. Forest merchandising 48
Chapter VI. Classification and standardization of forest products 48
§ 25 Classification of forest products 48
§ 26. Characteristics of round timber 49
§ 27. Measurement, accounting and marking of round timber 51
§ 28. Storage of round timber 52
Chapter VII. Lumber and blanks 53
§ 29. Characteristics of lumber 53
§ 30. Sawn softwood and hardwood 55
§ 31. Blanks 57
§ 32. Measurement, accounting and marking of lumber and blanks 62
Chapter VIII. Ways to store and extend the life of wood 62
§ 33. Storage and atmospheric drying of wood 63
§ 34. Protection of wood from decay and destruction by insects 64
§ 35. Fire protection of wood 65
Chapter IX. Veneer, plywood, wood-based panels and plastics 66
§ 36. Sliced ​​and peeled veneer 66
§ 37. Plywood 67
§ 38. Plywood for special purposes 68
§ 39. Plywood boards 70
§ 40. Blockboards 71
§ 41. Fibreboards 72
§ 42. Particle boards 73
143

Section three. Adhesives and finishing materials 75
Chapter X Adhesives 75
§ 43. Types, composition and basic properties of adhesives 75
§ 44. Glutinous adhesives "77
§ 45. Casein adhesives 78
§ 46. Synthetic adhesives 79
Chapter XI. Materials for preparing the surface of joinery products for finishing 8-5
§ 47. Grinding (abrasive) materials 85
§ 48. Primers, fillers, fillers and putties 88
§ 49. Deresining and bleaching compositions 91
Chapter XII. Paints and varnishes 91
§ 50. Coloring agents, fillers, solvents, diluents, plasticizers ... 92
§ 51. Film-forming substances 94
§ 52. Varnishes and varnishes 96
§ 53. Paints and enamels 99
§ 54. Improvement of paint and varnish coatings 102
Chapter XIII. Film and sheet finishing materials 104
§ 55. Film and sheet materials based on papers 104
§ 56. Films made of synthetic resins 105
§ 57. Decorative paper laminates 105
Section four. Materials and products for construction 107
Chapter XIV. Materials and products for floors 107
§ 58. Parquet, parquet boards and boards 107
§59. Polymeric materials for floors PO
§ 60. Mastics P2
Chapter XV. Structural, facing and roofing materials for construction. . . 114
§61. Structural materials and parts 114
§ 62. Roofing materials 118
§ 63. Facing materials. 123
Chapter XVI. Metal products and furniture fittings 126
§ 64. Metal fasteners 126
§ 65. Devices and products for windows and doors 127
§ 66. Furniture fittings 131
§ 67. Glass and mirrors 136
Chapter XVII. Insulation and lubricants 138
§ 68. Insulating materials 138
§ 69. Electrical insulating materials 139
Section 70 Lubricants 140
List of recommended reading 142

Branch of the state budgetary professional

educational institution of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

"Yamal multidisciplinary college" in Labytnangi

(branch of GBPOU Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug "YaMK" in Labytnangi)

Considered:

MO "Builder"

protocol no. 5

Approved

methodological council

Protocol No. __________

dated _____________2015

materials

to conduct a differentiated offset

in the academic discipline "Materials Science"

by profession 18880 Construction joiner

2015

Explanatory note

The test material of a differentiated test was compiled on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard (FSES) for the profession SPO 18880 "Construction Joiner" and in accordance with the requirements for knowledge and skills of students in the discipline "Materials Science" stated in the Work Program.

The purpose of the differentiated offset- carrying out the final certification of students in the discipline for the course of study.

The subject of the discipline "Materials Science" is a system of knowledge about the rational and integrated use of wood by processing it into useful and valuable products without any losses and waste in the course of labor activity. The current structure of wood harvesting, the increase in the cost of transportation from harvesting sites to consumption sites, make the issue of saving and rational use of wood very important.

Experience shows that in order to produce high-quality products and perform work, a carpenter, carpenter, glazier, parquet floorer, woodworker needs good knowledge of work technology, product design and material properties. The type and properties of the materials used determine the methods and modes of processing, the quality of manufactured products, their appearance, strength, durability and cost. The structure of technological equipment and tools, the complexity of work and the duration of the production cycle, the level of possible mechanization, working conditions and the necessary qualifications of workers depend on the materials. The solution to this important task is possible only by qualified craftsmen with all the necessary knowledge.

In market conditions, vocational education is faced with the acute issue of training professional personnel who can easily adapt to changing production conditions. With the current level of construction, it is impossible to become an experienced woodworker without systematic advanced training, without studying advanced technology, types of modern materials and labor organization. The task of SPO is to instill in the future young worker certain skills and abilities, so that he becomes an active builder, a diligent owner with morals, interests, collectivist psychology, a high culture of work, behavior, life inherent in the working class.

The purpose of the implementation of this program is to provide knowledge of the main types of wood, their properties, structural features, flaws, methods of storage, drying, antiseptic and fire protection, a number of concepts of the discipline "Materials Science".

The course "Materials Science" includes overview topics and graphics, the combination of which makes it possible not only to introduce students to a number of possible concepts of wood science, but also to connect with practice.

activation of methods of mental activity: generalization, systematization, comparison;

revealing the depth of knowledge of factual material.

The test material consists of 25 test tasks of part A and 10 test tasks of part B, compiled in two versions and includes questions on the main sections of the discipline:

The structure of wood and timber.

Wood defects.

Round timber, lumber, blanks and products.

The time to complete this test is 1 academic hour.

Evaluation criteria:

35-33 points - "5";

32-30 points - "4";

29-27 points - "3";

less than 27 points - "2".

SPO specialty: 18880 Construction joiner

WD 01. Materials Science

Specification of didactic units

p/n

Name of didactic units

The structure of wood and timber.

Physical properties of wood.

Mechanical properties of wood.

Wood defects.

Characteristics of wood of the main species and their industrial application.

Veneer, plywood, wood boards, parquet.

Adhesives, their types, composition and properties.

Materials for preparing the surface of joinery products for finishing.

Materials and products for floors. Construction materials.

Facing, insulating and roofing materials for construction.

Codification of test items

No. p / p

Name of didactic unit

Variant number

Question numbers

The structure of wood and timber.

1,2,3,4,5,6, 26,27,28,29

1,2,3,4,5,6, 26,27,28

Physical properties of wood.

7,8,9,10,30, 31

7,8,9,10,29

Mechanical properties of wood.

11,12

11,12,30

Wood defects.

13,14,15,16,17,32,33,34

13,14,15,16,17,31,32,33

Characteristics of wood of the main species and their industrial application.

18,19

18,19,34

Round timber, lumber, blanks and products.

20,35

Veneer, plywood, wood boards, parquet.

21,35

Adhesives, their types, composition and properties.

Materials for preparing the surface of joinery products for finishing.

Materials and products for floors. Construction materials.

Facing, insulating and roofing materials for construction.

NGO specialty: 18880 "Construction joiner"

Section of the curriculum: General professional cycle

WD 01. Materials Science

Option number 1

Block A

No. p / p

Task (question)

Reference

response

uu

Instructions for completing tasks No. 1-25: select the letter corresponding to the correct answer and write it down in the answer sheet. For instance:

№ tasks

Possible answer

1

1-B

Choose the correct answer:

A). root;

B).trunk;

C).crown;

D). butt.

Choose the correct answer:

A) cambium;

b).sheath;

C). cork;

D) bast.

Choose the correct answer:

A cut perpendicular to the transverse through the core of the trunk?

A). transverse;

B). radial;

B) tangential;

D). longitudinal.

Choose the correct answer:

In a growing tree, does it act as a conductor of water from roots to leaves?

A). resin passages;

B). cambium;

C). core;

G). sapwood.

Choose the correct answer:

A) late;

B) early;

B) summer;

D). spring.

Choose the correct answer:

Tissues that store and store nutrients?

A).mechanical;

B) integumentary;

C). support;

D).

Choose the correct answer:

The pattern on the surfaces of the cuts, which is obtained by cutting the fibers of wood, annual layers and core rays?

A) macrostructure;

b).texture;

C).structure;

D). drawing.

Choose the correct answer and complete the sentence:

What is the moisture content of wood that has been in water for a long time?

A) air-dry;

B) room-dry;

B) freshly cut;

D) wet.

Choose the correct answer:

A). cracking;

B) shrinkage;

C). swelling;

D) warping.

Choose the correct answer:

The ability of wood to reflect the light flux directionally?

A).smell;

b).texture;

C).shine;

D).color.

Choose the correct answer:

The ability of a material to resist the penetration of solids into it?

A). hardness;

b).density;

C).strength;

D). deformation.

Choose the correct answer:

The ability of wood to resist wear. fracture during friction?

A) deformability;

B) the ability to bend;

C). splitting;

D). wear resistance.

Choose the correct answer:

A).

B). runaway;

C). curvature;

D).roll.

Choose the correct answer:

A). Metic;

B). Shrinkage;

C). otlupnye;

D). frosty.

Choose the correct answer:

Deep marks left on the surface of the wood by the working bodies of the cutting tool?

a).scratches;

B).risks;

C). hairiness;

D). dent.

Mycelium and fruiting of mold fungi on raw sapwood, with improper storage of timber?

A) sap rot;

B). browning;

C) sound rot;

D). mold.

A) wingedness;

B). warp;

C). warping;

D). oblique.

C). coniferous;

D) foreign.

Does hardwood turn gray after being in water for a long time?

A). alder;

B). bog oak;

B) gray birch;

G). linden.

Goods that are obtained by mechanical processing mainly of a tree trunk?

A). lumber;

B). timber;

B). blanks;

C). assortments.

A). fiberboard;

B). Chipboard;

C).plywood;

G).veneer;

Glue made from scraps of raw hides and leather waste?

A) glutinous;

B) bone;

B) casein;

D). Mezdrovy.

Paints and varnishes that level the surface before applying opaque coatings on them?

A) fillers;

b).primer;

C).putty;

D). polishes.

Roll material for flooring?

A). linoleum;

B). roofing material;

C). glassine;

G).

Facing material made of gypsum binder and cardboard, intended for cladding walls and partitions?

A). Laminated plastic;

B). drywall;

C). cement particle boards;

D).laminated panels.

Block B

No. p / p

Task (question)

Reference

response

uu

root

bast

A dark-colored part of the trunk that performs a mechanical function in a growing tree?

core

early

The pattern on the surfaces of the cuts, determined by the width of the annual layer, the direction of the fibers?

texture

color

peeling

scratches

warp

lumber

NGO specialty: 18880 "Construction joiner"

Section of the curriculum: General professional cycle

OP 04. Fundamentals of construction economics

Option number 2

Block A

No. p / p

Task (question)

Reference

response

uu

Instructions for completing tasks No. 1-25: Choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer and write it down in the answer sheet.

For instance:

№ tasks

Possible answer

1

1-B

Choose the correct answer:

The lower part of the trunk, which makes up 15% of the total mass of the tree?

A). root;

B).trunk;

C).crown;

D). butt.

Choose the correct answer:

A layer of bark that conducts water with organic substances produced in leaves or needles down the trunk?

A) cambium;

b).sheath;

C). cork;

D) bast.

Choose the correct answer:

An incision at some distance from the core?

A). transverse;

B). radial;

V). tangential;

G). longitudinal.

Choose the correct answer:

A dark-colored part of the trunk that performs a mechanical function in a growing tree?

A).resin passages;

B) cambium;

C). core;

D). sapwood.

Choose the correct answer:

Wood with a light color, formed in spring and early summer?

A) late;

B) early;

B) summer;

D). spring.

Choose the correct answer:

The tissues that are in the bark and protect the wood from external influences?

A).mechanical;

B) integumentary;

C). support;

D).

Choose the correct answer:

A pattern on the surfaces of the cuts, determined by the width of the annual layer, the direction of the fibers, etc.?

A) macrostructure;

b).texture;

C).structure;

D). drawing.

Choose the correct answer:

What is the moisture content of wood exposed to air for a long time?

A) air-dry;

B) room-dry;

B) freshly cut;

D) wet.

Choose the correct answer:

Reducing the linear dimensions and volume of wood during drying?

A). cracking;

B) shrinkage;

C). swelling;

D) warping.

Choose the correct answer:

The property of wood, determined by the presence of tannins, resinous and coloring substances in it?

A).smell;

b).texture;

C).shine;

D).color.

Choose the correct answer:

The ability of a material to resist fracture from the action of stresses arising under the action of a load?

A). hardness;

b).density;

C).strength;

D). deformation.

Choose the correct answer:

Change in wood shape and size under the action of loads or other factors?

A) deformability;

B) the ability to bend;

C). splitting;

D). wear resistance.

Choose the correct answer:

A sharp increase in the diameter of the butt of the timber or the width of the unedged lumber?

A).

B). runaway;

C). curvature;

D) the slope of the fibers.

Choose the correct answer:

Cracks in the core, passing between the annual layers and having a significant extent along the length of the timber?

A). Metic;

B). Shrinkage;

C). otlupnye;

D). frosty.

Choose the correct answer:

Damage to the surface of the timber with a sharp object in the form of a narrow long damage?

a).scratches;

B).risks;

C). hairiness;

D). dent.

The bases of branches enclosed in wood, the most common wood defect?

A).cracks;

B).knots;

C). brow;

D) stepson.

Curvature of lumber during sawing, drying or storage?

A) wingedness;

B). warp;

C). warping;

D). oblique.

Tree species that have a turpentine smell and almost all have resin canals?

A) deciduous annular;

B) deciduous scattered vascular;

C). coniferous;

D) foreign.

Hardwood, after a long (decade) stay in water, acquiring a dark brown or black color?

A). alder;

B). bog oak;

B) gray birch;

G). linden.

Materials obtained by ripping logs and logs of certain sizes and qualities?

A). lumber;

B). timber;

B). blanks;

C). assortments.

Sheet material made by hot pressing or drying a mass of wood fibers, formed into a carpet?

A). fiberboard;

B). Chipboard;

C).plywood;

G).veneer;

Glue, part of which is milk protein?

A) glutinous;

B) bone;

B) casein;

D). Mezdrovy.

Compounds designed to be rubbed into the pores of wood to close them before applying clear coats?

A) fillers;

b).primer;

C).putty;

D). polishes.

A variety of profile moldings (vinyl lining)?

A) metal tile;

b).siding;

B). plexiglass;

D) ondulin.

Sheet roofing material made of profiled galvanized steel?

A). shingle;

B). asbestos-cement corrugated sheets;

B) ondulin;

D) metal tile.

Block B

No. p / p

Task (question)

Reference

response

uu

Instructions for completing tasks No. 26-35: in the appropriate line of the answer sheet, write down a short answer to the question, the end of the sentence, or the missing words.

The upper part of the trunk, which makes up 12% of the total mass of the tree?

crown

A layer of bark that protects the wood of the trunk from sudden changes in temperature, mechanical damage, and other external influences?

suberic

Does wood facing the bark grow in late summer and early autumn?

late

An increase in the linear dimensions and volume of wood with an increase in moisture content?

swelling

The ability of wood to resist wear, i.e. fracture during friction?

wear-bone

Changing the diameter of the trunk along the length of the tree, a gradual decrease in the diameter of the tree from the butt to the top?

escape

Radially directed cracks that appear in a felled tree under the action of internal stresses during its drying?

shrinkage

Spiral (helical) curvature of lumber along the length?

wingedness

Tree species in which the core rays are not visible, and the annual layers differ in all sections?

coniferous

Laminated sheet material, usually consisting of an odd number of layers?

The book contains information about the structure, physical and mechanical properties, wood defects and their influence on its quality, gives a classification and distinguishing features of coniferous and hardwood wood. The classification and characteristics of round timber, sawn timber and blanks, sliced ​​and peeled veneer, plywood, wood-based panels, as well as wooden parts and products for construction are given. Polymeric materials and products for flooring, adhesives, paints and varnishes and furniture fittings are described.

Introduction

Fundamentals of timber science

1. The structure of wood and wood
tree structure
Macroscopic structure of wood
Microscopic structure of wood

2. Physical properties of wood
Properties that determine the appearance of wood
Moisture content of wood and properties associated with its change
wood density
Thermal conductivity, sound conductivity, electrical conductivity of wood

3. Mechanical properties of wood
General concepts about the mechanical properties and testing of wood
Wood strength
Hardness, deformability and impact strength of wood
Technological properties of wood

4. Defects of wood
Knots
cracks
Trunk shape defects
Defects in the structure of wood
Chemical stains
Fungal lesions
Insect damage to wood
Foreign inclusions and defects
Wood deformations

5. Characteristics of wood of the main species and their industrial significance
The main macroscopic features of wood for species identification
conifers
hardwood
foreign tree species

Adhesives and finishing materials

6. Adhesives
Types, composition and basic properties of adhesives
Glues of animal origin
Casein adhesives
Synthetic adhesives

7. Paintwork and other finishing materials
Coloring agents, fillers, solvents, thinners, plasticizers
Film-forming substances
Primers, fillers, fillers and putties
Varnishes and polishes
Paints and enamels

8. Film and sheet finishing materials
Film and sheet materials based on papers
Synthetic resin films
Decorative Laminates

9. Auxiliary materials
Grinding materials
Polishing, deresining and bleaching compositions

Forest merchandising

10. Classification and standardization of forest products

11. Round timber
Characteristics of round timber
Measurement, accounting and marking of round timber
Roundwood storage

12. Lumber and blanks
Characteristics of lumber
Sawn softwood and hardwood
blanks
Measurement, accounting and marking of lumber and blanks

13. Ways to extend the life of wood
Storage and atmospheric drying of wood
Protecting wood from decay and destruction by insects
Fire protection of wood

14. Veneer, plywood and wood boards
Sliced ​​and peeled veneer
Plywood plain
Special Purpose Plywood
plywood boards
Curved blanks
Blockboards
fibreboard
Particle boards

15. Materials and products for construction
Window and balcony blocks
door blocks
Materials and products for floors
Details wooden milled and molded for construction
Roofing and other materials

16. Metal products and furniture fittings
Brief information about metals and alloys
Metal fasteners
Devices and products for windows and doors
furniture fittings
Glass and mirrors

17. Insulating, fastening and lubricating materials
Insulating materials and mastics
electrical insulating materials
Lubricants