Declension of nouns is a change in nouns by case.

Declension- a set of changeable forms (inflections) of names (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns) according to numbers, gender and cases.

The type of declension (or simply declension) is the category of a name - a certain grammatical type of variability, such that words of the same type of declension have the same or similar forms of change.

Declension forms are determined by both the semantic role and the form of the governing member of the sentence. The semantic role can control case and number, and then declension is a semantic element of the language. For example: the cat is walking - the word cat is in the nominative case, singular and means that one cat performs the action; cats are walking - already plural, which means there are several cats; the cat is being fed - the cat is in accusative case, therefore the action is performed on the cat.

Declension (calque from Latin declinatio, “deviation” from the basic form of the word) - inflection nominal parts speech (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals). Usually the term “declension” means inflection according to grammatical categories number and case.

The word “declension” is also used to mean “a certain type of declension paradigm.” They talk about types of declension individual parts speech (for example, in the Russian language there is a substantive - declension of nouns, an adjective - declension of adjectives and pronominal declension) and individual groups of words within one part of speech. Thus, traditionally in the Russian substantive declension there are I (head - heads), II (table - tables) and III (notebook - notebooks) types of declension, as well as special cases: indeclinable words (which have all the same forms in both numbers: metro, kangaroo, beige, etc.) several words with -en- in indirect cases (time - time), two words with -er- in indirect cases (mother - mother, daughter - daughter), special declension Christ - Christ, etc. . n. Other, more economical ways classification of Russian inflectional paradigms, for example, A. A. Zaliznyak combines the traditional I and II declension into the “I substantive type of declension” with endings that differ depending on the morphological gender.

1st declension- all feminine and masculine words ending in -a or -ya (book, mom, dad, biology, physics, mathematics, computer science).
For nouns of the first declension singular in the dative and prepositional cases the ending -e is written, for example: to dad, about the book. But if the noun ends in -iya, then the ending -i is written in the same cases, for example: to chemistry, about biology. When writing the endings of proper names in -iya, you must adhere to the same rule, for example: to Ksenia, about Italy:

2nd declension- all other words are masculine and neuter (poppy, stump, bug, slope, biofield, glass).
In the second declension of nouns, the form of the accusative case in most cases coincides with the form of the nominative case (glass, biofield) or the genitive case (slope, stump).
For singular nouns of the 2nd declension, masculine or neuter gender prepositional case the ending -e is written, for example: about the biofield, about glass. But if the noun ends in -i or -i, then the ending -i is written in the same case, for example: about consciousness, about trust, about difference:

3rd declension- all other words feminine(night, fabric).
In the third declension, in most cases the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular coincide.
After sibilant nouns of the feminine gender of the third declension, “b” is written at the end, for example: hush, daughter. And for masculine nouns of the second declension, “b” is not written, for example: rage, kalach, baby.

Publication date: 06/09/2011 09:31 UTC

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In third grade, students are introduced to the concept of “case” and learn that nouns change according to case. Despite the fact that in school curriculum only 6 cases are studied; for children this topic is one of the most difficult topics to study in elementary school. Children will have to learn cases and case questions, learn to ask the right questions in order to correctly determine the case of a noun in the text. Why define case? In order to subsequently write the endings of words correctly based on the case and declension of the noun.

Case- This fickle a sign of nouns, i.e. nouns change (decline) according to cases. Changing by case means changing nouns by question. There are six cases in Russian. Each case has its own name and answers a specific question. When a word changes by case, its ending changes.

Cases clarify the role of nouns and their relationship with other words in a sentence.

List of cases

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

Dry names of cases are very difficult for a child to remember. He needs associations. Therefore, a child’s acquaintance with cases can begin with a fairy tale.

Tale about cases

Once upon a time there lived Case.
He had not yet been born, but they were already thinking about what name to give him and decided to call him Nominative.
Born - became Parent. He liked this name even more.
He was a baby, he was given food and toys, and he became Dative.
But he was a big mischief-maker, they blamed him for all sorts of tricks, and he became Accusative.
Then he grew up, began to do good deeds, and they called him Creative.
He began to offer his help to everyone, soon everyone started talking about him and now called him Prepositional.
That’s exactly what they said when they remembered him, they even sang a song:
Nominative, Genitive,
Dative, Accusative,
Creative, Prepositional.

To remember the order of cases, use the mnemonic phrase:

Ivan Gave Birth to a Baby Girl, Ordered to Carry the Diaper.

Table of cases of the Russian language

Please note that in almost all cases you can remember the reference word by the first letters.

Genitive - parents
Dative - gave
Accusative - I see, I blame
Creative - I create

Prepositions of cases and semantic questions

Nominative case - no prepositions. Semantic questions: who? What?

Genitive case: at, from, to, for, from, without, after, about (y), near (y), against, from under, because of. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases: p. Semantic questions: where? where? whose? whose? whose?

Dative case: to, by. Semantic questions: where? How?

Accusative case: about, through. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on, for. Semantic questions: where? Where?

Instrumental case: above, between, before. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases - under, for, with. Semantic questions: where? How?

Prepositional case: about, about, at. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on. Semantic questions: where?

Cases are divided into direct and indirect

Direct case– this is nominative. In a sentence, only a noun in the nominative case can be the subject.

Indirect cases– all others except the nominative. In a sentence, words in indirect cases are secondary members of the sentence.

To correctly determine the case of a noun, you must:

1. Find in the sentence the word to which the noun refers, pose a question from it;
2. Based on the question and preposition (if there is one), find out the case.

Seagulls circled above the waves. Circling (over what?) above the waves (etc.)

There is a technique that allows you to accurately determine the case only based on the questions asked. Let's formulate both questions. If we have an inanimate noun, replace it in the sentence with a suitable animate one and pose a question. For two questions we accurately determine the case.

I caught (who?) the cat. Replace the cat with an inanimate object: I caught (what?) a feather. Whom? What? - Accusative case.

I couldn't reach (who?) the cat. Replace with inanimate: I couldn’t reach (what?) the branch. Whom? What? - Genitive case

To correctly determine the case ending of a noun, you need to determine its case and declension.

Detailed table of cases and case endings of nouns of 1st, 2nd, 3rd declension

Russian Name Case	Latin Name Case	Questions	Prepositions	End
				Singular			Plural Number
				1 cl.	2 cl.	3 cl.
Nominative	Nominative	Who? What? (There is)	--- ---	A, -I	Oh, oh	---	Y, -i, -a, -i
Genitive	Genitive	Whom? What? (No)	without, at, before, from, with, about, from, near, after, for, around	Y, -i	A, -I		Ov, -ev, -ey
Dative	Dative	To whom? Why? (ladies)	to, by	E, -i	U, -yu		Am, yam
Accusative	Accusative	Whom? What? (I see)	in, for, on, about, through	U, -yu	Oh, oh	---	Y, -i, -a, -i, -ey
Instrumental	Instrumental	By whom? How? (proud)	for, above, under, before, with	Oh (oh) To her	Om, -eat		Ami, -yami
Prepositional	Prepositive	About whom? About what? (Think)	in, on, about, about, about, at	E, -i	E, -i		Ah, -yah

How to distinguish cases in words with the same endings, forms or prepositions

How to distinguish the nominative and accusative cases:

A noun in the nominative case is the subject of a sentence and does not have a preposition. A noun in the accusative case is a secondary member of the sentence, it can be with or without a preposition.

Mom (I. p.) puts cucumbers (V. p.) in the salad (V. p.).

How to distinguish the genitive and accusative cases:

If the questions in R. p. and V. p. (whom?) coincide, the cases are distinguished by the endings of the words: in R. p. the endings are –a (ya) / -ы (и). In V. p. the endings are –у (у).

Paw (who?) of a marten - R.p. / I see (who?) a marten - V. p.

If both questions and endings coincide, it is necessary to substitute any feminine word with the ending –a(ya) – instead of the words. Then in R. p. the ending will be -у(и), and in V. p. the ending will be -у(у).

The paw of (who?) a bear - I see (who?) a bear.

We check:

Paw of (who?) (fox) bear - R. p. - I see (who?) (fox) bear - V. p.

How to distinguish the genitive and instrumental cases with the preposition “with”:

If the preposition “s” coincides in R. p. and Tv. etc. distinguish them by case and semantic questions (from where? in R. p. and with what? in Tv. p.) and the endings of words in these cases.

Picked up (from where?) from the ground - R. p. / picked up a box (with what?) with earth - V. p.

How to distinguish the dative and genitive cases, which are the same in pronunciation:

A word without a preposition in D. p. will coincide in pronunciation with the word in R. p. (their endings in writing are different). To distinguish them, you need to understand the meaning of the phrase with this word.

D. p. - wrote a letter to grandmother Natasha [and] - grandmother’s name is Natasha

R. p. – wrote a letter to Natasha’s grandmother [and] – this is Natasha’s grandmother

How to distinguish the dative and prepositional cases if they have the same endings and semantic questions:

In this case, you need to pay attention to the prepositions that are different in these cases.

D. p. - floats (where?) on the sea - prepositions to, by

P. p. – located (where?) in the sea – prepositions in, in, on

How to distinguish the instrumental and accusative cases when semantic questions and prepositions coincide:

In case of coincidence of semantic questions and prepositions in TV. p. and v. p. you need to focus on case questions and endings.

TV p. – hid (where?, behind what?) behind the chest of drawers

V.p. – hid (where?, for what?) behind the chest of drawers

How to distinguish the accusative and prepositional cases when prepositions coincide:

If the prepositions of V. p. and P. p. coincide, it is necessary to focus on questions.

V. p. - ascended (where?, on what?) onto the pedestal

P. p. – stood (where?, on what?) on a pedestal

Poems about cases

I am Nominative case,
And I don’t have other people’s clothes on me.
Everyone recognizes me easily
And the subjects are called.
I don’t like prepositions since childhood,
I can't stand being around you.
My questions are WHO? So what?
No one will confuse it with anything.

And I case Genitive
My character is sociable.
WHOM? WHAT? And here I am!
Prepositions are often my friends.
Prepositions are often my friends.
I look like an accusative
I happen sometimes
But in the text you will discern
Always two cases.

I am called Dative,
I work diligently.
WHOM should I give it to? Call for what?
Only I can say.

And I am Accusative case,
And I blame it all on the ignorant.
But I love excellent students,
I catch “fives” for them.
Who to call, what to play,
I'm ready to give the guys some advice.
Don't mind making friends with pretexts,
But I can live without them.

And I am instrumental case
I am filled with all sorts of hopes.
Create! - How? Create! - With whom?
I'll tell you - no problem!

And I am the prepositional case,
My case is complicated.
I don't like light without excuses.
ABOUT WHOM? ABOUT WHAT? Did I say?
Oh yes, we need excuses
I have no way without them.
Then I can tell
What is the dream?

Nominative, genitive,
Dative, accusative,
Creative, prepositional...
It's difficult to remember them all.
Always keep in your memory
Names. These are cases.

Nominative

He is the beginning case,
Questions – WHO? So what?
It contains mom, dad, elephant, playpen,
Both school and coat.

Genitive

Questions: No WHO? WHAT?
I don't have a brother
And not a single hamster...
It's all mom's fault!

Dative

This is an apple, tell me
I will give it to WHOM? WHAT?
Maybe Lena? Or Vitya?
No, probably no one...

Accusative

Oh! The toys are a mess!
I don’t understand it myself:
Blame WHOM? So what?
A doll? Cubes? Lotto?

Instrumental

I want to compose songs.
WITH WHOM? WHAT should I use to study sheet music?
Write to me with a pen or pen,
Or colored pencil?

Prepositional

I'm thinking about WHO? ABOUT WHAT?
About school, about verbs.
Or rather, I'm thinking about
I'm so tired of school...

But now all cases
I have firmly memorized it.
Try teaching it that way too,
After all, knowledge is POWER!!!

Polak Frida

Nominative is you
picking flowers
and the genitive is for you
the trill and clicking of the nightingale.
If it's dative, it's all for you,
happiness named in fate,
then accusative... No, wait,
I'm not simple in grammar,
want new cases
Shall I offer you? - Offer!
- The countercase is the case,
the recognition case is
loving, affectionate,
kissing is the case.
But they are not the same -
expectant and languid,
parting and painful,
and jealous is a case.
I have a hundred thousand of them,
but in grammar there are only six!

Kirsanov Semyon

The nominative exclaimed:
- My birthday boy is THAT,
Which is amazing
Learns science!
“TOGO,” said the PARENT, “
I deny who
Can't live without parents
Put on your coat.
“THAT,” answered the DATIVE, “
I'll give you a bad name
Who hasn't loved diligently
Do the lessons yourself.
“TOGO,” said the ACCUSETIVE, “
I will blame
Who read the book expressively
Can't read.
- WITH THAT, - said CREATIVE, -
I'm just fine
Who is very respectful
Refers to work.
“ABOUT THAT,” said the PREPOSITIONAL, “
I'll offer a story
Who in life can do
Useful for us.

Tetivkin A.

Spring cases

Everything has awakened from sleep:
SPRING is moving around the world.

It's like we're blooming
Feeling the arrival of SPRING.

And I wanted to go out
Towards young SPRING.

I'll drown in green leaves
And I’ll blame SPRING for this.

Nature breathes only one
Unique SPRING.

A starling perched on a pine tree
Bawling songs ABOUT SPRING.

Tell others about it
And you will repeat the cases.

Klyuchkina N.

Genitive

I ran away from home
I walked until evening
I dived from a tree into a snowdrift,
I dreamed of living without lessons.
For the snowflake collection
I collected with my tongue.
Dancing around the fire
And he jumped around the yard.
Do I need to do homework?
I don't care about that!
Here I am standing at the blackboard
And I sigh with sadness.
But the genitive case
I won’t forget, even if I kill you. (T. Rick)

Dative

If I had names
Gave to cases
I would then be a giver
DATIVE named!
And how I daydream,
Dressing up as Santa Claus
And I bring gifts to everyone:
Brother, sister, dog.
And WHO else? WHAT?
Chick, horse, catfish,
Cat, hare, hippopotamus,
Crocodile and elephant!
I'm in a hurry to get to the locomotive,
I'm flying along the ground, rushing!
I'll deliver gifts to everyone
And then I’ll return home! (T. Rick)

Accusative case

I am the accusative case,
I blame everyone everywhere.
There's no hope
That I won’t make a mistake.
Substitute the word “see”
And define me.
- “If you want to know a lot,
Hurry up and learn to read!”
To remember the ACCUSATIVE,
I learned... to fly!
How can I fly to the ceiling?
Yes, I’ll wave over the threshold,
I fly out the window,
I'm heading for the meadow.
I hate to blame
I will list everything.
WHAT will I see and WHOM -
I'll name one!
I see a river, I see a garden -
I name everything!
I see a cherry, I see a plum.
How beautiful it is all around!
They are building a club not far away,
Painting a boat on the sand...
That's enough, I'm going back to school,
I fly into class lightly. (T. Rick)

Instrumental case

To keep up with everyone,
Be considered smart
We need to understand everything now
In the CREATIVE case.
What is there to say for a long time?
So I decided... to create!
Pencil, took paper
And I painted the landscape.
I am an artist, I am a creator!
Wow, what a great guy I am!
In front of the castle the bush is blooming,
A snake lives under a snag,
A falcon flies over the road,
Behind the fence the horse neighs.
I create with a pencil
On its big leaf.
I decorated the view with difficulty
A forest, a cloud over a pond.
Come on, I'll turn over the leaf.
And I’ll start creating again.
My hero goes to war
He wants to rule the country
Hit enemies with an arrow
Water them with resin from the tower.
Stop! Think with your head
Why go to war!
Better world finish the job!
I'll close my album (T. Rick)

Prepositional

I'm bored in class.
Well, I'd rather dream.
I really like to dream!
I wish I could become a princess!
I dream of a crown:
I will sit on the throne in it.
I dream of an elephant
To ride in the moonlight.
I dream of earrings
I dream of boots.
In the evenings in the dark
I dream of an eagle:
I will fly with him in freedom.
I will go to school...
Oh, I'm already dreaming...
ABOUT THE PREPOSITIONAL case! (T. Rick)

All existing cases of the Russian language

1) Nominative case - who?, what?
2) Genitive case - no one?, what?
3) Dative case - give to whom?, what?, determines end point actions.
4) Accusative case - I see who?, what?, denotes the direct object of the action;
5) Instrumental case - I create with whom?, with what?, defines the instrument, some types of temporary belonging (at night);
6) Prepositional case - think about whom?, about what?

7) Vocative case. From the Church Slavonic vocative case we only have the word “God!” (well, Father, mentor Ambrose, Panteleimon, etc. for those who read prayers). In modern Russian, this case occurs when we address: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, where it is formed by “cutting off” the ending or by specially adding the ending: Vanyush (Tanyush), come out!

8) Local case. Usually used with the prepositions “At”, “In” and “On”. Characteristic question: Where? What does it have to do with it? On what? - In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), On the shelf (not on the shelf) - but what about in Holy Rus', in Ukraine?

9) Dividing case. It is formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), Lie a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set the heat (not heat), Turn up the heat (not move), Young man, no fire is there?

10) Counting case - found in phrases with a numeral: Two hours (not even an hour has passed), Take three steps (not steps).

11) Positive case - determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From home. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; it was bitterly cold.

12) Deprivative case - used exclusively with verbs of negation: I don’t want to know the truth (not the truth), cannot have the right (not the right).

13) Quantitative-separation case - similar to the genitive case, but has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set the heat (instead of heat), increase the speed (instead of adding speed).

14) Waiting case - It is also the genitive-accusative case: Waiting for (who? what?) a letter (not a letter), Waiting for (who? what?) mom (not moms), Waiting by the sea for weather (not weather).

15) Permutative (aka inclusive) case. Derived from the accusative case (in whom? in what?). It is used exclusively in figures of speech like: Become a pilot, Run for deputy, Take a wife, Be fit to be a son.

Russian grammar is one of the most important parts of the language. Grammar allows us to speak confidently, correct and without errors. Often the speech of people who do not know grammar sounds very funny, because all the words sound ridiculous and incoherent. For example, everyone has heard how some foreigner tries to communicate in Russian. Frankly, they don't succeed and they look ridiculous. In order not to look like them, you need to know grammar.

A noun is one of the most important independent parts of speech, which is practically the most common part of speech. She has such inconsistent signs, as number, case. The case paradigm is change noun depending on the meaning it has in a sentence. In this article you will learn how to determine cases of nouns, what are indirect cases, how to ask questions about them correctly, as well as about the cases themselves and their questions.

Cases

The only rule for changing nouns correctly is correct positioning termination due to asked by the question. This is an easy task for native speakers, but foreigners need to remember the endings and identify them correctly.

Declensions

There is also 3 types of declination in nouns.

• First declension. Creatures name. masculine and feminine endings -a, -я. For example, a flask, a pig.
• Second declension. Creatures name. masculine and neuter with endings -о, -е. For example, a tree, a well.
• Third declension. Name of feminine creatures with null ending, or on -ь. For example, horse, horse.

Changing nouns different declinations.

	Question	1st declension (plural)	2nd declension (plural)	3rd declension (plural)
Nominative pad.	who?, what?	tire(s), mom(s)	spaceship(s)	horse(s)
Genitive pad.	who?, what?	tires(tyres), mom(s)	spaceship(s)	horse(s)
Dative case.	to whom?, to what?	tire(s), mother(s)	spaceship(s)	horses(horses)
Accusative pad.	who?, what?	tire(s), mother(s)	spaceship(s)	horse(s)
Creative downfall.	by whom?, by what?	tire(s), mom(s)	spaceship(s)	horse(s)
Prepositional pad.	about whom?, about what?	about the tire (about tires), about mom (about moms)	about spaceship (about spaceships)	about the horse (about horses)

In Russian there is such a concept as indirect cases– these are all cases except the nominative.

They all have their own meaning:

Determinants

There are many ways to determine the case of a noun. The fastest, easiest and most effective way today is to use qualifiers. Different cases can be determined using the following determiners.

Using determiners makes it easier to change nouns by case. To do this, just put this word in front of the noun, and then ask a question and put the correct ending. For each case, it is enough to remember one word.

In addition, to determine case great value has a question. The table gives an idea of ​​what prepositions are used with case forms of nouns in the Russian language.

Cases are the foundation of Russian grammar and everyone is required to know each of them by heart. But it’s very easy to remember all of them; two days of cramming is enough to remember them for the rest of your life. Good luck!

Russian language is one of the most difficult on the planet. His grammar is difficult even for Russian people, not to mention foreigners. But we, native speakers, must certainly become familiar with it in order to be able to correctly express our thoughts.

Determination of declination

In order to understand what declension is, you need to study the cases a little. There are six of them in our language:

• nominative, answering the questions “who?”, “what?”;
• genitive - “who?”, “what?”;
• dative - “to whom?”, “what?”;
• accusative - “who?”, “what?”;
• instrumental - “by whom?”, “with what?”;
• prepositional - “about whom?”, “about what?”.

Case shows the syntactic role of a word in a sentence, in other words, it highlights the main and minor members, and also connects them with each other.

Declension is the concept of nominal parts of speech, because it is responsible for inflection in a sentence. This is a change in number, gender and case. Let's figure out how to determine declination various parts speech.

Declension of a noun

Changing nouns by case, as well as by number, is called declension. Now it’s worth learning more about how to determine the declension of nouns.

Depending on the ending of the noun in the singular and in the nominative case, this part of speech is assigned to one of the 3 existing declensions. Using the following table, it is very easy to figure out how to determine the declension of a noun.

Nouns that do not have a singular number cannot be classified into any of the 3 declensions. There are also a number of exceptions to the rule. For example, 10 neuter nouns ending in “-mya” and the nouns “path” and “child” are classified as heterodeclinable.

In response to the question of how to determine declination, tables were created for visual study. They show how a noun of one or another declension changes depending on gender and case.

1st declension

Case	Singular			Plural

Now let's take a closer look at how to determine the declension of a noun that has a masculine gender and a zero ending.

2nd declension. Masculine

Case	Unit number		Mn. number

2nd declension. Neuter

3rd declension

Declension of numerals

At every step in everyday speech we have to use numerals in one form or another. It would seem that they should already remember all the rules by heart, but that was not the case. Is this the form you use in your speech? The following tables will help you figure it out.

Since numerals can be quantitative, ordinal, collective and fractional, there will be several rules for determining declension. In addition, elements of one group can also have their own characteristics.

Cardinal numbers are inflected depending on number and gender. But this also has its own characteristics: for example, the numeral “one” can have the singular form and plural, and be masculine, feminine and neuter. The numeral “two” can be feminine or masculine, but “three” and “four” are declined depending on what is being said. If we talk about inanimate objects, we describe “three” objects; if we are talking about living objects, we describe “three”.

How do ordinal numbers change? They have adjective endings: first, first, first, etc.

Verb conjugation

A very often asked question is how to determine the declension of a verb? However, this form of the question is not entirely correct, because the verb does not have a declension. Changing this part of speech is called conjugation, and the verb has two of them.

First of all, the verb is placed in indefinite form: it must answer the questions “what to do?” or “what should I do?” Then they look at the ending and compare it with the table:

It is also worth noting verbs that are classified as heteroconjugated, because they combine the endings of both 1 and 2 conjugations: want, run, honor.

In this article we will analyze spelling unstressed case endings nouns of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd declension.

So, which unstressed endings need to be checked, and which ones you just need to remember. You need to check the unstressed endings –е, –и in nouns of the genitive, dative, and prepositional case. You should remember unstressed endings in nouns in instrumental case.

1st declension: -th memo(s) Ouch, village to her.

2nd declension: ohm (th) year, ohm, gender.

To check the correct definition of the unstressed ending of a noun, you should determine the case (see how to determine). Then determine the declination (see how to determine). Next, we remember the ending of the noun of a certain declension in the required case.

In the summer the children swam in the lake.

The guys were swimming(where? in what?) in the lake, that means prepositional.

Ozer O (it, mine) is a neuter noun, has the ending -o, which means it belongs to the second declension. A noun of the second declension in the prepositional case has the ending -e. So, let's write:

The guys were swimming(where? in what?) PP 2nd class., -e) to the lakes e .

Another way to check the ending of a noun is to insert instead of a noun with an unstressed ending, substitute a noun of the same declension and in the same case, but with a stressed ending: the guys swam in the river, in the lake .

Now let's look at the spelling of unstressed endings of nouns in all cases.

The declension of a noun is determined by nominative case and we talked about this in.

Genitive

A noun in the genitive case answers questions whom? what? (from where? where?) . Prepositions used: from, to, from, without, at, for, about, with.

Endings:

1st declension: -i, -s.

2nd declension: -a, -i.

3rd declension: -i.

Example: The sheep has soft long wool . → Wool(from whom?) in sheep s – 1st declension.

Dative

A noun in the dative case answers questions to whom? what? (where? where?) . Prepositions used: to, by.

Endings:

1st declension: -e.

2nd declension: -у, -у.

3rd declension: -i.

It plays the role of a secondary member in a sentence.

Example: The boy ran to the lake . → fled(where? to what?) to the lakes at – 2nd declension.

IN genitive case nouns of the first declension have the ending -i, in the dative - the ending -e.

Nouns of the third meaning in both cases have the ending -i.

Accusative case

A noun in the accusative case answers questions whom? What? (where? where?) . Prepositions used: in, on, for, through, about .

Endings:

1st declension: -у, -у.

2nd declension: -a, -i.

Example: You can often find a heron in the swamps . → Meet(whom?) herons yu – 1st declension.

Nouns in the genitive and accusative cases can be distinguished by prepositions. In the first declension, the nouns in these cases differ in endings.

Instrumental case.

A noun in the instrumental case answers questions by whom? how? (where? where?) . Prepositions used: with, behind, under, over, between .

1st declension: -oi(s).

2nd declension: -ом (-ем).

3rd declension: -yu.

It plays the role of a secondary member in a sentence.

Example: Fish is caught with a fishing rod . → They catch(how?) fishing rod Ouch – 1st declension.

Prepositional

A noun in the prepositional case answers questions about whom? about what? (Where?) . Prepositions used: o (about), in, on, with.

1st declension: -e.

2nd declension: -e.

3rd declension: -i.

It plays the role of a secondary member in a sentence.

Example: We talked about autumn . → They talked(about what?) about autumn And – 3rd declension.

In the next article we will talk about the declension of plural nouns.