An educated person is distinguished, first of all, by his ability to competently express his thoughts both orally and on paper. In order to follow the rules of punctuation, you need to know everything about the main parts of the sentence.

The grammatical basis of a sentence (aka predicative) consists of the main members of the sentence, which are subject And predicate . Usually the subject is written out and highlighted with one line, and the predicate with two.

The article answers the most important questions:

1. How to find the grammatical basis of a sentence?
2. Which parts of a sentence form its grammatical basis?
3. What does the grammatical basis consist of?

The subject is a word that indicates the subject to which the predicate refers. For example: The sun came out from behind the mountains. The sun is the subject expressed by a noun. A wide variety of parts of speech can act as the subject.

The subject can be expressed not only in single words, but also in phrases.

• Combination of a noun in nominative case with a noun in instrumental case.For example: Katya and Arina love to do figure skating.
• A pronoun, as well as a numeral and an adjective in superlatives.For example: The bravest came forward.
• A pronoun or noun in the nominative case combined with a participle or adjective. For example: Someone bad tore up her album with drawings.
• The combination of a numeral in the nominative case and a noun used in genitive case. For example: Seven guys went out into the yard.

I wonder what the subjects can may even be a phraseological unit.

Predicate

The predicate is connected with the subject and answers questions such as “what does the object do?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it like?” The predicate in a sentence can be expressed through several parts of speech:

Compound predicates

The predicate often consists of several words. Such predicates are called compound. Compound predicates can be verbal or nominal.

Composite verbal predicates are expressed in the following ways:

Composite nominal predicate may consist of:

• Linking verbs to be and short adjectives. For example: Today Margarita was especially beautiful.
• Verbs become, appear, be considered and other semi-nominal verbs combined with a noun. He finally became a doctor!
• Verbs that mean the state of an object. Marina works as a teacher.
• Verb combined with adjective in different forms.His dog was more beautiful others.

In a two-part sentence, both main members are present. However, there are also sentences in which only one main member is used. They are called one-component.

The subject of one-part sentences is most often a noun in the nominative case.

It can be expressed by means of a verb in its different forms.

In one-piece definitely personal in a sentence, the predicate is expressed by a verb in the first/second person, singular/ plural and present/future tense in the indicative mood or with a verb in imperative mood. Today I'm going for a walk. Don't touch a dirty dog!

In a single-component indefinite-personal predicate, the verb is in the third person and plural, present, future or past tense in the indicative mood. Also, the predicate can be expressed by a verb in the imperative or conditional mood. There's a knock on the door! Let him call Aunt Dasha. If I had been informed earlier, I would not have been late.

IN generalized-personal In a sentence, the predicate is expressed either by a verb in the second person singular or plural, or by a verb in the third person and plural. This is how they now talk to visitors.

In one-piece impersonal the predicate is a verb in the third person form singular and present or future tense. The predicate can also be a neuter verb in the past tense or conditional mood. I feel sick. It was getting dark.

It is important to remember that the number of grammatical stems in a sentence is not limited. How to determine the grammatical basis of a complex sentence? The grammatical basis of a complex sentence is as easy to determine as the stem simple sentence. The only difference is their quantity.

The concepts of subject and predicate are among the most basic in the Russian language. It is with them that children begin to become acquainted with syntax. It is very important that the student understands this section and consolidates it in memory, since all subsequent rules of punctuation, complex sentences and many other sections will be inextricably linked with the subject and predicate. These two concepts form the grammatical basis, so it will also be discussed in this article. Refresh your memory and help your child learn new knowledge.

What is the subject

First, let's look at the rule of the Russian language:

• The subject is one of the main parts of the sentence. It can denote both an object and an action or a sign of a predicate. Answers the question “Who?” as well as “What?”.

As a rule, this member of the sentence is expressed by a noun or pronoun. It is emphasized by one feature.

• For example, in the sentence “Grandma went to the market,” the subject will be the noun “Grandmother,” since in this sentence the grandmother is the main character.
• If we take the sentence “He likes ice cream,” then the subject pronoun will be “He.”

However, there are other interesting cases in which absolutely any part of speech acts as the subject, if it can be defined as a noun. For example:

• Five go to the right. In this sentence, the subject will be the word “Five,” although in its usual form it is a numeral. Here it replaces the noun, acting as the main member of the sentence.
• The miser pays twice. In this case, the subject will also be the word “Stingy”, which is a noun, and outside the sentence it is an adjective.

The verb also often acts as the subject if it is in the indefinite form:

• Going to the store is his main goal. This complex sentence, in one of the parts of which the subject is the infinitive.

And finally, even a whole phrase can become the subject. These can be indivisible names, full name of the person.

• Anna Sergeevna was in a hurry to go home. In this sentence the subject is Anna Sergeevna.

After some time, the child will be able to determine the subject intuitively, without reading the rules by heart.

What is a predicate

The predicate must be emphasized with two parallel horizontal lines; it answers the question “What is this?” and “What does this do?”, and also denotes an action or some attribute of the subject.

The predicate has several types:

• Verbal.
• Compound nominal.
• Compound verb.

It is better to analyze each type of predicate separately. The simplest of them is verb.

• The verbal predicate is usually expressed by a verb in certain moods: indicative, imperative, and also conditional. To determine the predicate correctly, you need to refresh your memory and remember what moods are.
• Perhaps the predicate in the form of a set phrase.
• Phraseologisms also belong to the verbal predicate.

The compound verb predicate is easy to notice:

• In this case, two verbs answer the main question of the predicate. For example: “He still continued to eat.” The predicate would be “continued to eat.”
• Or “The cat needs a lot of sleep.” Now the predicate is “you need to sleep.”

A compound nominal predicate is so called because it contains a linking verb and a nominal part: a noun or pronoun, adverbs, participles.

• She was a beauty. In this sentence, the predicate is “was a beauty,” since the word “was” often acts as a linking verb, and “beauty” is a nominal part.

You may not be able to remember everything the first time, but after solving the tasks you will succeed.

What is a grammatical basis

The grammatical core is the main members of the sentence, namely the subject and the predicate. They are connected in meaning and are distinguished by horizontal features.

The base itself is usually highlighted in square brackets in the sentence.

The predicate is one of the main members of the sentence, consistent with the subject (in number, gender, person) and answering the questions: “what does the subject do?”, “what is it?”, “who is it?”, “what is it?” , “what’s happening to him?”

The syntax in Russian gives ample opportunities for making proposals. The predicate can be a verb, adverb, adjective, or even a noun.

Verb predicate

Most often, the predicate can be expressed as a verb. In this case, a simple verbal predicate, a verbal predicate and a compound nominal predicate are distinguished. Simple verb predicates include:
- verbs in the imperative, indicative or subjunctive mood (for example: “Don’t touch the toy!”, “It’s raining”, “I’d like to go for a walk with friends”);
- phraseological units based on verbs (“He lost his temper”);
- phrases of two verbs same shape, the first of which denotes the action, the second - the goal of the action (“I’ll go, is everything okay”).

A compound verb predicate is a phrase, grammatical and lexical meaning which is expressed in different words: auxiliary and main verb, the latter is used in the form and carries the lexical meaning of the predicate (“I wanted to talk about you”). A compound verb predicate can be complicated if it consists of several auxiliary words (“He decided to stop being angry”).

A compound nominal predicate is expressed by a phrase consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs can be:
- verb “to be”, devoid of in this case its lexical meaning “to exist”, “to be available” (“She was a student”);
- semi-nominal verbs “seem”, “turn out to be”, “happen”, “appear”, “become”, “become”, “reputed”, “considered” and some others (“He is her hero”);
- full-valued verbs expressing action, movement, state (“The children came to the guests already grimy”).

Other parts of speech, as a predicate

The predicate can be expressed only by an adverb, without using a connective, if the sentence does not need to specify the time of the action taking place (“It’s just monstrous!” Compare: “It was monstrous!”).

Short adjective often used as a predicate in colloquial and artistic styles(“Our grandfather is not yet old at heart”). Using this technique allows you to vary the composition of the sentence and improve the readability of the text.

The noun becomes a predicate in definition sentences and is often separated from the subject by a dash. For example: “My mother is a cook,” “A book is a storehouse of wisdom.”

Also, sometimes a numeral name (“Twice three is six”) acts as a predicate.

The predicate is the main member of a two-part sentence that is associated with the subject. The semantic core of the predicate as a member of a sentence opposed to the subject is designation of an action or predicative feature in a broad sense.

In a two-part sentence, it is through the predicate that the main grammatical meanings sentences - objective modality and syntactic tense.

According to the method of expressing the predicative feature, the following are distinguished among the predicates:

1. Simple verbal predicate– a typical part of speech for expressing this type of predicate is verb. At the same time general meaning feature and grammatical meaning of predicativeness is given undivided: real meaning + grammatical tense, mood, person. The verb predicate can coordinate with subject ( Train left ), and can be expressed in uncoordinated forms– infinitive, verbal interjection, some forms of imperative ( And the queen laugh, and shoulders shake ).

A simple verb predicate is considered complicated, if it is expressed two verbs, of which one is lexically defective, or two repeated verbs ( Take take, but don’t put it in place. Ermoshka, go and you sit down near. Dressed -shod like all people. But took now one eye closed his eyes ...). Such predicates are characteristic of expressively colored speech.

Simple complicated verbal predicates also include phraseological verb combinations in the function of predicates, which have a single meaning: kick your ass- "to mess around" sharpen the laces- “chat”, etc. For example: Some kind of ancient king fell into a terrible time doubt ; Philosopher Khoma came to perfect despondency from such words. Such combinations are syntactically indivisible, i.e. act as one member of the sentence.

2. Compound verb predicate– predicates of this kind include predicates expressed personal form of verb and also adjacent to it infinitive. The real meaning and the grammatical meaning are given in such a predicate dismembered (analytically).

In a compound verbal predicate the following can be combined with an infinitive:

- verbs denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action (begin, become, begin, continue, stop, quit)

- modal verbs denoting intention, will, ability, predisposition, desire etc. ( want, wish, be able, be able, intend, contrive, unlearn, be able to, prepare, dream, hope, fear)

- phraseological combinations (to burn with desire, to have the intention, to express consent, to have the right)

- predicative adjectives (glad, eager, intends, must, ready, capable, willing)

Sometimes a compound verb predicate can be complicated third component. Such compound predicates differ only in some increase in meaning. Most often these are predicates that combine personal verb(denotes the beginning, continuation, end of an action or has a modal meaning) and two dependent infinitives (I want to start exercising, I decided to quit smoking).

Compound verb predicates should include differentiated: the degree of lexical significance of the components should be taken into account. If the main meaning of the predicate is conveyed only by the last infinitive, and the first two verbs denote only the beginning, end, continuation of an action in combination with modal meanings, then such predicates should not be divided, since they denote one action (verb form + subjective infinitive). Otherwise, the first two verbs should be considered the predicate (or one verb in the personal form, if the predicate is two-component), and the third - minor member sentences - circumstance or addition ( object infinitive). Wed: decided start treatment And decided go to be treated; He wanted to study- his forced study. In the first combination decided to start lexically inferior, since the process itself is named only in the third verb; in the second - decided to go for treatment- both verbs go And get treatment fully meaningful in lexical terms: verb get treatment denotes the purpose of performing an action called an independent combination of verbs decided to go(cf.: decided to go to Crimea).

3. Compound nominal predicate– consists of verb connective in person and nominal part (linking part). In this case, the verb linkage can be:

A) distracted- verb be V various forms tense and mood; the connective is called abstract because it has a purely grammatical meaning and is devoid of material content (there is no procedural sign). From the bunch be verb should be distinguished be, which has two meanings: 1) “to be present, to be” ( We were at the cinema. Yes, there were people in our time) and 2) “have” ( Brother had a boat).

Bunch be(There is) has no present tense form indicative mood, the sign of this kind of connective is a significant zero – zero copula. In this case, in some classifications the predicate is defined as simple nominal, For example: ElephantØ gray – Elephant was grey. Elephant will grey.

b) semi-abstract (semi-significant)- verb with weakened lexical meaning; such a verb not only conveys grammatical meanings, but also partially introduces lexical meaning - naming, transition from one state to another ( become, seem, become, remain, be known, be considered, be called);

V) significant (real)– a verb that fully retains its lexical meaning, denoting a state, movement ( Nobody born a hero. We broke up big friends ), adding an adjective to I.p. or T.p., or a noun with a qualitatively characterizing meaning in T.p. ( He came tired / tired). Such verbs are only conditionally considered connectives, since they can be freely used as independent predicates.

Sometimes demonstrative particles can play the role of a predicative connective This, Here, Means, this means: Like - This the business of young men. Or comparative words How, as if, as if, exactly, as if, What: The clouds have become as if thinner and more transparent...

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by a third component - in this case it consists of a predicative adjective + copula + nominal part: Speeches must be brief ! ; Glad to be helpful .

The following can act as a nominal part:

1. Noun- in the forms I.p., T.p.: Marina was high dark-skinned – Marina was high dark-skinned .

Sometimes a noun may appear in the form R.p., but the range of words in this case is limited and the predicate itself always has the meaning either qualitative characteristics, or an internal state, and with a noun an adjective is necessarily used, which contains an indication of a qualitative attribute: Hands were plump, small, but impeccable form . Other cases of nouns as predicates are used less frequently; these are always prepositional combinations.

2. Phraseologized combinations nominal type - And you, it seems to him, not really to my liking.

3. Adjective- in full and short forms, in forms of different degrees. The full form is characterized by I.p. etc. ( I'm local . Was I young, hot, sincere, not stupid ).

Full adjectives can be combined with full verbs of motion and state. The linking verb here has a full predicative meaning, and therefore adjectives are complicated by a attributive meaning and refer simultaneously to both the subject and the predicate verb ( The trees stood yellow. He's back pleased ). Such an adjective with double syntactic connection in Czech grammar it is allocated as a special member of the sentence - doplnek, and in Russian grammar are sometimes called - predicative definitions or verbal-nominal determiners, but traditionally they are included in the complex predicate.

4. Communion– in short or full form, passive or active. The full participle can be in the form T.p. ( Glasses of tea stand untouched ).

5. Pronoun– a variety of pronouns in the forms of I.p. and R.p. (- She my! - he said menacingly), as well as other cases with prepositions.

6. Numeral – Building it was two floors . Earring was the first who saw them. The nominal part can also be the expression one of (one of): He was one of my comrades my brother Gregory.

4. Mixed predicate– such predicates combine the characteristics of a compound verbal and a compound nominal predicate.

Predicate along with the subject, it is an element of the grammatical basis of the sentence. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or attribute, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the item? what is the subject? what is he? Who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.

The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verb and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in a particular case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific linguistic material. Let's look at the types of predicates, briefly describe each of them and follow the implementation with an example.

1. Simple verb predicate.

This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For example, he plays; would have come earlier etc. Most often, this type is remembered using the formula: one word in the predicate, which means the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type Predicates include predicates that contain 2, 3 or even more words. For example:

He will for a long time recall about the past(future complex).

Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative).

He lost his temper (phraseologism).

They waited, waited And didn't wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).

Spring waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).

Don't be offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).

I'll go for a walk (combination different verbs in the same form).

2. Compound verb predicate.

This predicate is built according to the scheme: auxiliary verb + infinitive. All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more of them.

He wants to enroll to the institute.

I'm long couldn't with them meet.

You must study.

He was looking to have fun.

I was unable to think about this.

Note that as auxiliary element Most often, phase verbs appear (those that indicate the phase of action - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).

3. Compound nominal predicate.

Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb be, but you can also find other connections. The nominal part is expressed as an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.

Weather was good.

The book is true Friend.

He has character harder steel.

Grass beveled.

Evening quiet.

Error was obvious.

Twice two - four.

This notebook my.

As you can see, determining the type of predicate is not a difficult task; you just need to confidently and completely know the material and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.

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