№1.

Adverbial clauses- subordinate clauses that answer the same questions as the circumstances.

At the center of adverbial complex sentences are sentences whose meaning is in one way or another connected with the relationship of cause and effect. These are sentences with subordinate clauses causes, consequences, concessions, conditions, goals . Due to the known proximity of meanings, they are easy to confuse with each other. However, each of these varieties is characterized by its own unions ( subordinate clause - union So,goals - union to etc.).

Each of these varieties of complex sentences also has its own differences in meaning.

So, a complex sentence with subordinate reasons expresses the relationship between two events, one of which (from the speaker’s point of view) naturally gives rise to the other.

For example: The car turned on its headlights,because it's already dark in the forest (G. Nikolaeva).

Complex sentences of consequence convey the same relationships, but the reason in them is expressed in the main part, and not in the subordinate part: It's already dark in the forest,so the car turned on its headlights . What was the main clause in the first case has become a subordinate clause here.

Concessive complex sentences are also related in meaning to causal ones. But the consequence here is directly opposite in meaning to what naturally follows from the content of the subordinate clause.

For example: Although it's already dark in the forest , the car did not turn on its headlights. The speaker is waiting for the natural consequence of the subordinate clause ( the car turned on its headlights), but it is not implemented.

Adverbial clauses are also close to causal, but the cause here is the desire of the actor in the main clause for the action of the subordinate clause to be realized.

For example: He arrived in Rostov,to go to college .

Compare: He arrived in Rostov,because I wanted to go to college .

Adverbial clauses also convey a reason, but one that the speaker is not sure of.

For example: If your brother went to college

Compare: Since my brother went to college , he will write to us about it soon.

In addition, adverbial clauses include clauses of time, comparison, and manner of action.

Complex sentences with adverbial clauses

Theoretical information Adverbial clauses are very diverse and therefore have their own classification. There are the following types of adverbial adverbs: manner of action and degree, place, time, condition, cause, purpose, comparison, concession, consequence. Clauses of manner and degree denote the image, degree or measure of the action (attribute) named in the main sentence; answer the questions: How? how? to what extent? how much? etc.; refer to phrases in the main clause: verb + So; full adjective + such; full adjective + noun + such; join unions what, to, as if etc. and allied words: how, how much, how much etc. The main clause may contain demonstrative words: so, so much, so much, to such an extent, such etc. For example: I was born in Russia. I love her so muchthat you can’t say everything in words ( S. Ostrovoy). The air is clearso much so that the jackdaw's beak is visible... (A. Chekhov). Subordinate clauses indicate the place of action named in the main clause; answer the questions: Where? Where? where?; refer either to the entire main sentence or to its predicate; are joined by allied words: where, where, where. In the main sentence they often correspond to demonstrative words: there, there, from everywhere, everywhere, everywhere etc. For example: Go on the free road,where does your free mind take you? (A. Pushkin). There,where the thicket ended , the birches were whitening. Clauses of time indicate the time of the action named in the main clause; answer the questions: When? How long? since when? until when? etc.; refer either to the entire main clause or to its predicate. The main clause often contains demonstrative words: then, now, always, once, sometimes etc. For example: While he was singing , Vaska the cat ate all the roast(I. Krylov). Sometimes,when you wander through unmown fallow land , almost from under your very feet a large brood of quails or gray partridges bursts out(S. Ognev). Subordinate clauses indicate the condition under which the action named in the main clause can occur; answer the questions: under what condition? in what case?; refer either to the entire main sentence or to its predicate; are joined by conditional conjunctions: if, once, if, if, when(meaning " If"), How(meaning " If"), etc. For example: If life deceives you , don't be sad, don't be angry(A. Pushkin); When there is no agreement among comrades , things won’t go well for them(I. Krylov). Additional reasons indicate the reason for what is said in the main sentence; answer questions Why? why? because of what? for what reason?; refer either to the entire main clause or only to the predicate; are joined by causal conjunctions: since, because, because etc. For example: I'm upset,because you're having fun (M. Lermontov); The Ossetian cab driver tirelessly drove the horses,because I wanted to climb Kaur Mountain before nightfall (M. Lermontov). Subordinate goals indicate the purpose of the action named in the main clause; answer the questions: For what? For what? for what purpose? For what? etc.; refer either to the entire main sentence or to its predicate; are joined by target unions: so that (so that), then in order to, in order to etc. For example: To become a musician , it takes skill(I. Krylov). I want to liveto think and suffer (A. Pushkin). Subordinate comparisons explain the content of the main sentence by comparison; answer the question: like what?; refer either to the entire main sentence or to its predicate; join comparative unions: as if, as if, exactly, with what (that) etc. For example: It was quiet for two minutesthe convoy seemed to have fallen asleep (A. Chekhov). And the spruce tree knocks on the window with a thorny branch,how sometimes a belated traveler knocks (A. Pleshcheev). Subordinate concessions indicate the circumstance in spite of which the action named in the main sentence is performed; answer the questions: no matter what? in spite of what?; apply to everything main sentence or to its predicate; join by concessional unions: although (at least), despite, let, letting, for nothing; despite the fact that etc., allied combinations: no matter what, no one, no matter how much, no matter when, no matter how etc. For example: Hot,although the sun has already dropped to the west (M. Gorky). Even though it's cold , but not hungry(Proverb). Wherever you throw it , wedge everywhere(Proverb). Subordinate corollaries denote a consequence (conclusion, result) arising from the content of the main sentence; answer the questions: what follows from this?; refer to the entire main clause; join unions: consequences so, therefore. For example: The wind howls at the top of its lungs,so I couldn't sleep in my room (I. Goncharov). The whole next day Gerasim did not show up, so the coachman Potap had to go get water instead(I. Turgenev). It is necessary to distinguish between the subordinate clause of consequence and the subordinate clause of manner of action and degree. Compare: The road was washed away by the rain,so that wide ruts formed across the mountains (I. Goncharov) (clause of consequence); The road was washed out by the rain,that wide ruts have formed across the mountains (clause of manner and degree).

№2. Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses

Theoretical information Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause; 2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc. I. Subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can behomogeneousAndheterogeneous. 1. Homogeneous subordinate clauses, like homogeneous members, have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main sentence. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions or without conjunctions (only with the help of intonation). The connections of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause and among themselves resemble the connections of homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: [ I came to you with greetings, to tell you], (What the sun has risen), (What it fluttered with hot light across the sheets). (A. Fet.) If homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by non-repeating conjunctions and, or, a comma is not placed in front of them, as with homogeneous members offers. For example: [ I answered], (What nature is good) And ( What Sunsets are especially good in our area). (V. Soloukhin.) The connection of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called homogeneous subordination. 2. Heterogeneous subordinate clauses have different meanings, answer different questions or depend on different words in a sentence. For example: ( When I have a new book in my hands), [I feel], (What something living, speaking, wonderful came into my life). (M. Gorky.) At heterogeneous subordination subordinate clauses can refer to the same words of the main sentence, but are not homogeneous, since they answer different questions. The connection of heterogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called parallel subordination. II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which subordinate clauses form a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree), etc. For example: [ The young Cossacks rode vaguely and held back their tears.], (because were afraid of their father), (which I was also a little embarrassed), (Although I tried not to show it). (N. Gogol) This connection is called consistent submission. At consistent subordination one clause can be inside another; in this case, there may be two subordinating conjunctions nearby: what and if, what and when, what and since, etc. For example: [ The water came down so scary], (What , (When soldiers were running below), raging streams were already flying after them) (M. Bulgakov).

№3.Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

To express our opinion, our attitude to a fact or phenomenon, we often use complex sentences with explanatory clauses.

Explanatory clauses refer to members of a sentence that have the meaning of speech, thought, feeling, message, etc. Verbs in which the subordinate clause is used usually mean: speech ( said, shouted), perception ( saw, heard, felt), mental activity ( thought, decided, determined), the internal state of a person ( was afraid, surprised).

For example, I.S. Turgenev in his letter to P. Viardot wrote about his feelings: I I can't see without worry , like a branch covered with young green leaves, clearly appears against the blue sky.

In a sentence: Sophia, characterizing Chatsky, speaks that “he is especially happy with friends”, - a speaking verb is used.

Very often we use explanatory clauses when we express our opinions:

I am convinced... I believe... I agree that... I can say with confidence... It seems to me... I am attracted (interested) by the thought, (statement) about... .

Besides, complex sentences with explanatory clauses convey indirect speech: I explained to them that I am an officer, going to the active detachment on official business. (M. Lermontov) Vera said, that he doesn't want tea , and went to her room.(N. Chernyshevsky)

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

Theoretical information Explanatory clauses answer case questions and join the main part with conjunctions ( what, as if, as if, as if, to, whether etc.) and allied words (what, who, how, which, why, where, where, from, why, etc.). For example: I want,so that a feather was compared to a bayonet(V. Mayakovsky) - means of communication - union so that . I don't know, I wantwhether I'll go with them- means of communication - union whether , which, like coordinating conjunctions same, also, also, is not at the beginning of the part. They saidthat it seems he became addicted to collecting smoking pipes.(A. N. Tolstoy) - means of communication - compound union that it seems . How could God alone sayWhich Manilov had a character(N.V. Gogol) - means of communication - union word Which, part of the predicate. It's sad to see a young man lose his best hopes and dreams...(M. Yu. Lermontov) - means of communication - union When . Explanatory clauses refer to one word in the main part - a verb, short adjective, adverb, verbal noun with the meaning of speech, thought, feeling, perception. For example: Irejoiced / expressed surprise / was glad that he came. It's good that he came. The main part may contain an index word That in different case forms: I was gladthat that he came. In this sentence, the word that can be omitted, so the subordinate clause refers to the adjective glad. However, in some complex sentences with explanatory clauses, the demonstrative word in the main part is an obligatory component of the sentence structure. For example: It all startedsince then that father has returned. Such subordinate clauses refer specifically to the demonstrative word, which can only be the word that. This feature brings such sentences closer to pronominal-definitive ones, while the use of a conjunction rather than a conjunctive word allows them to be classified as explanatory. An explanatory clause is usually found after the word in the main part to which it refers, but occasionally, mainly in colloquial speech, it can also be located in front of the main part. For example: That he won't come , it was clear to me right away.

№4. Complex sentences with attributive clauses

Theoretical information Determinative clauses explain (characterize) that member of the main part of the sentence that is expressed by a noun or pronoun, and answer questions of definition: Which? whose? For example: (1) Blizzards ( which? ), (2) that they are banging on the doors, (1) they won’t knock me off the road. Subordinate clauses are added to the main part only with the help of allied words which, which, whose, what, where, where, where, when: For example: And Tanya seeshouse empty(Which?), Where Our hero lived recently. (A. Pushkin) [– = noun. ], (where = –). Subordinate clauses have a strictly defined place as part of a complex sentence: they stand always after the word being defined. For example: Childhood isjourney (which?), which no one has managed to do twice . (V. Sanin) [noun. – noun ], (which =). Conjunctive words which, which, whose with a defined word only agree in gender, number , and their case form depends on which member of the sentence these allied words in the subordinate part are: For example: I likepeople who the life of the country is not indifferent.(The word which is used in the dative case.) Compare: I likepeople with whom easy to communicate.(Word which used in instrumental case.) - I like people about whom legends are made.(Word which used in the prepositional case.) Word which can stand not only at the beginning, but also inside the subordinate clause. For example: 1) A river flows near the village, the sourcewhich is located in the forest foothills.(M. Lermontov) 2) As if chained, the northern river fell silent, the noisewhich The grandfathers and great-grandfathers of the Pomor fishermen listened.(I. Sokolov-Mikitov) Close in meaning to the definitions clauses of pronominal attributives which refer to pronouns that, each, such, all, every etc., located in the main part. For example: (1) Everything will go far into the pastThat , (2) what do I live for . (N. Glazkov).[ = That ], (how – =).

№5.Types of subordinate clauses in complex sentences

Subordinate clause is a syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word.

For example: Vladimir saw with horror that he had driven into an unfamiliar forest(Pushkin). It is very difficult to describe the feeling I felt at that time.(Korolenko).

The term “subordinate clause” used in educational practice is usually replaced in theoretical works by the term “ subordinate clause” (accordingly, instead of “main sentence” - “main part”); This avoids the use of the same term “sentence” in relation to the whole and its individual parts, and also emphasizes the interconnectedness of the structural parts of a complex sentence.

School textbooks present two types of classifications of subordinate clauses.

1. Subordinate clauses are divided into three groups: attributive, explanatory and adverbial; the latter are divided into subgroups.

2. Subordinate clauses are divided into subject, predicate, attributive, additional and adverbial, depending on which member of the sentence is replaced by the subordinate clause (to determine the type of subordinate clause, questions asked to various members of the sentence are used).

Since the classification adopted in the first case is more common in the practice of school and pre-university teaching, we will adhere to it.

Let us recall that knowledge about the types of subordinate clauses in a complex sentence is also tested in Unified State Exam tests V parts B(task B6) in 11th grade.

Types of subordinate clauses in complex sentences

Theoretical information According to the meaning and structure of subordinate parts complex sentences are divided into three main groups, which correspond to three groups minor members sentences: definitions, additions, circumstances. Determinative clauses explain (characterize) that member of the main part of the sentence that is expressed by a noun or pronoun, and answer the questions of definition: which one? whose? For example: (1) Blizzards(which ones?), (2) that they're banging on the doors , (1) they won't knock me off the road.(A. Fatyanov) [ – , (that =), =]. Explanatory clauses explain the member of the sentence (most often the predicate) of the main part and, like additions, answer questions about indirect cases. For example: (1) We talked animatedly about(about what?), (2) how to resolve the current situation . [ – = ], (as =). Adverbial clauses indicate the place, time, purpose, reason, mode of action, condition, etc. of what is reported in the main part of the complex sentence. They answer questions of circumstance. For example: (1) To love music , (2) you have to listen to her first(for what purpose?). (D. Shostakovich) (To =), [=].

№6. Complex sentence

Temporal subordinate clauses contain an indication of the time of the action or manifestation of the characteristic, which is mentioned in the main part of the sentence. Subordinate clauses answer the questions “when?”, “how long?”, “since when?”, “until when?”, “for how long?” and refer to the entire main part: As you enter the cast-iron gate (when?), a blissful shiver will touch your body (A. Akhmatova); Across the blue waters of the ocean, only the stars sparkle in the sky, a lonely ship (when?) rushes, rushes with all sails (M. Lermontov); Someone put a letter on the hoop. and disappeared (when?) before Marya Kirilovna had time to come to her senses (A. Pushkin); As we moved towards Lake Khanka, the current became slower (when?) (V. Arsenyev).
Subordinate clauses can perform the function of spreading the main part when there is no time adverb in it: The sun was already high when I opened my eyes (V. Garshin); When we were returning back, the forest completely woke up and came to life and was completely filled with birds' joyful hubbub (A. Kuprin), or to clarify the circumstance of time present in the main one: Before, when I was younger, my relatives and friends knew what to do with me.. . (A. Chekhov); In the spring, when the earth thaws, people also seem to become softer (M. Gorky).
Temporal relationships in a complex sentence can be complicated by cause-and-effect and comparative-adversative ones: When a person is tired and wants to sleep, it seems to him that nature is experiencing the same state (A. Chekhov); While the servants were managing and fiddling around, the master went to the common room (N. Gogol). In these sentences, time relationships are relegated to the background. Uncomplicated time relations are established only in those sentences whose subordinate clauses contain an indication of certain definitions of time (When ten years passed...; When morning came, etc.).
Temporary subordinate parts can occupy any position in relation to the main part. Restrictions are associated only with those cases when they clarify the meaning of the time present in the main part of the circumstance and, naturally, are placed after it: And now, as soon as I close my eyes, I see only my parents’ house (S. Yesenin); Everywhere where there was a forest before, white canvases of moonlight lay on the ground (V. Kataev).
A certain order of parts is also associated with the use of double conjunctions. In such cases, the main part, which is necessarily post-positive, has words-clips: Rostov had barely managed to hand over the letter and tell the whole Denisov matter when quick steps came pounding from the stairs (JI. Tolstoy); When a writer turns from a storyteller into a thinker, then he is a true artist (Yu. Bondarev); When he opened his eyes, attentive warm sparks were already shining in them (A. Kuprin).
The order of parts is also required in sentences like: Less than ten minutes passed before we set off; The peasant did not have time to gasp before the bear settled on him (I. Krylov), where temporary relations are created by the general semantics of lexically limited and structurally related phrases, and... how; I didn’t have time... how, not a day passed... so that I didn’t have time... ah. Such sentences are expressively colored (a type of sentence with so-called mutual subordination).
Complex sentences expressing temporal relations are divided by meaning into sentences with the relation of simultaneity and sentences with the relation of different times. These relationships are expressed by means of communication (conjunctions and allied words) and tense meanings of verbs.
The relation of simultaneity is expressed in sentences with subordinate clauses, attached conjunctions when, while, as, while, as long as, while and forms of verbs (usually verbs in the main and subordinate parts Not perfect form same time).
A conjunction when it serves to express relations of simultaneity without emphasizing the coincidence in time of the actions of the main and subordinate parts: It is especially good in a gazebo on quiet autumn nights, when a leisurely vertical rain is rustling in a low voice in the garden (K. Paustovsky); There were moments when she screamed with talent, died with talent (A. Chekhov); Grandfather was a resourceful old man and did not disdain to make money on the side when he drove a cab (F. Gladkov). Quite rarely, the conjunction as (archaic or colloquial) is used in the same meaning: As hay harvest approached, dry, hot weather set in (Yu. Nagibin). The conjunction when can correlate with the adverb then in the main part, emphasizing the moment of coincidence of action: Similar thoughts began to come to my mind at the end of my life, when I was settling scores with my youth (V. Kataev); Then it’s a holiday for the orphan when they give him a white shirt (Proverb).
The conjunctions while, as long as, for the time being, emphasize the coincidence of the timing of the action, show that the action of the main part fits entirely into the period of time of the action of the subordinate clause: Or not me for four years, while the war was going on, suffering was going on, all kinds of weather were shaking, all kinds of riding were shaking (A. Tvardovsky); And while the maddened beast rushed around the cage, the owner of the menagerie admired him, admired his strength (V. Bianchi); Strike while the iron is hot (Proverb); While we were crossing the clearing, the Turks managed to fire several shots (V. Garshin).
The conjunction while (with perfective verbs) emphasizes the moment of coincidence of the action of the subordinate part with the action of the main one: While my friend stopped, a large butterfly flashed before my eyes (S. Aksakov); While Yegorushka was looking at the sleepy faces, quiet singing was suddenly heard (A. Chekhov).
The relation of different times is expressed by the conjunctions when, while, while, until, after, since, as soon as, only just, just now, just, just a little, as, barely, only, before, earlier than, before how, as well as the relationship between the aspect forms of predicate verbs and the order of arrangement of the main and subordinate parts of the sentence.
Complex sentences with the relation of different times have two main varieties: in some sentences the action of the main part follows the action of the subordinate clause, in others the action of the main part precedes the action of the subordinate clause.
The most common are constructions indicating that the action or state referred to in the main part of the sentence follows the action or state indicated in the subordinate clause. To express such a sequence in time, conjunctions are used when, after, since, since, as soon as, as soon as, as soon as, just, only, only, barely, as, barely, only. The predicates in this case are expressed by verb forms of the perfect form and, less often, of the imperfect form.
Since the conjunction is also used in sentences with the relation of simultaneity, the main means of expressing a sequence of actions or states is the perfect verb form in the subordinate clause.
Complex sentences with the conjunction when, in the presence of perfective verbs in the main and subordinate parts, indicate that the action of the main part follows the action of the subordinate part: When the drummer entered the hut, Petya sat down away from him (JI. Tolstoy); When the tramp of his horse had already died down, I walked around to the terrace and again began to look into the garden (JI. Tolstoy). The presence of an imperfective verb in the main part of the sentence serves as a means of indicating that the completion of the action of the subordinate part coincides with the continuation of the action of the main one: When you know a lot, it is difficult to compose (D. Granin); And when, through the waves of incense, the choir thunders, rejoicing and threatening, those same inevitable eyes look sternly and stubbornly into the soul (A. Akhmatova).
In complex sentences with unions like, as soon as, as soon as, just, just, just, just, only, barely, barely it is indicated that the action or state of the main part of the sentence follows the action or state (or its beginning) of the subordinate clause especially quickly: This story continued every time how Azamat (M. Lermontov) arrived; And as soon as he sees his native land in the darkness of the night, again his heart trembles and his eyes burn with fire (M. Lermontov); A little morning illuminated the cannons and the blue tops of the forests, the French were right there (M. Lermontov); As soon as morning came, the singing of the doors was heard throughout the house (N. Gogol); As soon as the sun came out from behind the mountain and began to illuminate the valley, the wavy clouds of fog dissipated (L. Tolstoy).
The conjunction after indicates that the action of the main part of the sentence begins only after the end of the subordinate clause: After the glasses prescribed for me were made, the time came to leave Moscow (M. Isakovsky); For some reason, ice drift begins most often on dark nights, after “the ravines begin to form” (K. Paustovsky).
Union since it emphasizes starting moment actions of the main part: Since she refused Andrei, the old man was officially dry with Iona, and Marianne barely answered her (V. Panova). Complex conjunctions after, since others can be dismembered, in this case only the conjunction remains in the subordinate part: Since my coachman was riding behind, he seemed to become more cheerful and talkative (JI. Tolstoy).
Another group of sentences with a multitemporal relationship consists of sentences in which the action or state of the main part precedes the action or state of the subordinate clause. In such sentences, the subordinate clause is added through conjunctions before, earlier than, before, while, while, as long as.
Sentences with conjunctions before, before they can be complicated by comparative-adversative relations: And, even before Seryozhka could see what it was, he realized from the chattering that filled the steppe that it was a detachment of motorcyclists moving (A. Fadeev). Such a complication may not exist: Before teaching a boy, I must know his soul (A. Chekhov); It was necessary to try many roads before settling on any of them (N. Dobrolyubov).
An uncomplicated indication that the action or state of the main part of the sentence precedes the action or state of the subordinate clause is contained in sentences with the conjunction before: In the hut still hanging on a nail, to the right of the door, is my father’s miner’s jacket, as he hung it himself when he arrived with work before going to the military registration and enlistment office... (A. Fadeev); Before setting off again, Alexey Meresyev cut a stick from a juniper tree (B. Polevoy). The union before it can be dismembered; He rushed out of the house at the very last moment before the roof collapsed (V. Ilyenkov).
The same meaning can be conveyed by conjunctions so far, for the time being, while, but indicating the limit up to which the action of the main part continues: But on other days I had to peer and rummage for a long time until I found a family of boletus in tight caps - (V. Nabokov); I’ll go to bed and whisper poetry until I fall asleep (M. Gorky).
The designation of the limit can be emphasized by the presence in the main part of the combination until: For some reason, I did not attach any importance to the silent instruction of the dog and was busy with my thoughts until a new rustle was heard from behind me (M. Prishvin).
Among complex sentences with clauses of time of this type There are sentences whose subordinate clauses acquire greater independence, which brings these sentences closer to complex ones. Such transitional cases between composition and submission arise when using the conjunction like (in combination with suddenly): I was about to get up and try my luck again, when suddenly my eyes stopped on a motionless human image (I. Turgenev); Andriy accelerated and almost overtook Golokopytenko, when suddenly someone strong hand grabbed the reins of his horse (N. Gogol).
It is necessary to distinguish subordinate clauses from other subordinate clauses, attached by the conjunctive word when: Such blissful moments happen (what kind?) when a person wants to be silent (V. Povolyaev) - attributive clause; Even before the trial, it was discussed in the cells (what?) when they would be taken to the stage (L. Tolstoy) - explanatory clause; Whenever I angry man was, so would I (under what condition?) let the prey out of my hands (D. Mamin-Sibiryak) - subordinate clause; When Karetnikov woke up, he could not (when?) take his head off something solid (V. Povolyaev) - subordinate clause.

Adverbial clauses

Subordinate adverbial clauses replace the position of circumstances various kinds and answer questions specific to the circumstances. The following types of adverbial subordinate clauses are presented in the Russian language: time, place, cause, effect, condition, concession, comparison, manner of action, measure and degree. In all three educational complexes, these types of subordinate clauses are highlighted, but the subordinate clauses of manner of action and degree are combined in them into one group.

Complex sentences with clauses of time

The subordinate tense refers to the entire main part, indicates the time of the action in the main part, answers questions When? How long? since when? until when? and joins the main part with the help of subordinates unions when, how, while, barely, only, before, while, until, since, when suddenly etc.:

Since we know each other, you gave me nothing but suffering(M. Yu. Lermontov).

Just now you stop, he starts a long tirade(M. Yu. Lermontov).

If the main part contains a word with the meaning of time, including index word Then, subordinate clause is added union word When, stands after this word in the main part and refers specifically to it :

Today , When I opened the window, my room was filled with the smell of flowers growing in a modest front garden(M. Yu. Lermontov) -- the subordinate clause refers to the adverb nowadays and is joined by a conjunctive word When, which is a circumstance.

From sentences with a correlative adverb in the main part, it is necessary to distinguish sentences with complex alliances, which can be split into two parts by a comma. Such conjunctions are found not only in SPPs with subordinate clauses, but in their other types. Splitting a conjunction with a comma does not change its part-sentence and the type of subordinate clause. For example, sentences It's rainingsince we're back And It's rainingsince then , How we're back have the same union since.

The scientific literature also presents a point of view according to which, when a conjunction is divided by a comma, it splits into two parts, the first part is included in the main sentence as a correlative word, and the second plays the role of a conjunction. The type of subordinate clause may change. For example, a sentence This happened while no one was there in this case, it should be interpreted not as an IPP with a subordinate tense, but as an IPP with a subordinate attributive.

In the absence of an indicative word, the subordinate part in the dictionary of time can be in any position in relation to the main part. There are only two cases when the position of the subordinate part is fixed.

1) conjunction is used how, how suddenly, expressing the relationship of surprise, unexpectedness between the situations named in the main and subordinate parts. The subordinate clause comes after the main clause:

My hat was almost full of nuts,how suddenly I heard a rustling(A.S. Pushkin);

2) a two-component (double) union was used When --then, just then --how, when --That etc. The second component of these conjunctions is placed in the main part and can be omitted; the subordinate part is located before the main part:

Barely I put on a burkaHow it started snowing(M. Yu. Lermontov).

Russian language lesson in 9th grade

Complex sentences with clauses of time.

Goals:

1. Get to know distinctive features complex sentences with subordinate clauses.

2 To develop the ability to recognize subordinate tenses and distinguish them from other types

Subordinate clauses; correctly put punctuation marks in SPP with subordinate tenses.

4 Improve spelling and punctuation skills.

Cultivate a caring attitude towards words and a love for the Russian language.

Lesson progress

Good afternoon, guys. Let's start today's lesson.

Let's write down today's date in our notebooks.

Announcing the topic and objectives of the lesson

I write the topic of the lesson on the board and announce the objectives of the lesson.

1 Orthoepic warm-up.

Place stress on words(slide “Place accents”)

Agreement, carpenter, assume, prettier, began, began, plum, call, facilitate, orphan porcelain, scoop, funds, customs, bonus, force, case, statue, owners, sheet.

2.Checking homework.

Oral survey on student questions. 5 students are asked 1 question, listen to the answer and evaluate the answer.

3 Correlation between proposals and schemes. (slide “Select a proposal to the diagram”),sentences are printed on pieces of paper (one sentence per desk)

Assignment: match the sentences to the diagrams and characterize them.

[...there], (where...). Ten years later I came to where I spent my childhood.

[village, (where...)...]. The village where Evgeniy was bored was a lovely corner. (A. Pushkin)

[...know], (where...). I know where the most beautiful corner of the earth is.

, (Where…). Go where your heart calls you.

(Where…), . Everywhere I look, there are familiar faces.

[...at home, (where...)]. Tall birch trees grew near the house where we stayed..

4 Studying a new topic.

On the proposal slide, students write in notebooks. (on a slide?), we build diagrams on the board

When the lilac blossomed in the yard with light foam, I set off.

He woke up as soon as the first rays of the sun appeared.

At about five o'clock, when the heat subsided, everything came to life..

What question do subordinate clauses answer? What do they mean?

Where are they in relation to the main clause?

Teacher: The presented sentence patterns refer to complex sentences with clauses of time. Such sentences express the meaning of time certain phenomenon or actions. The order of the main and subordinate clauses is free: the subordinate clause can appear at the beginning or end of the sentence, and it can also be surrounded by the structure of the main clause.

We supplement the table “Types of SPP” (questions: when? How long? Since when? Until when?

Means of communication - conjunctions: when, while, since, as long as, as soon as, just before, barely, slightly, while, etc.)

5 Consolidation of what has been learned.

Ex. 140 (2,3,4,5,6 sentences)

Working with proposals

In early spring, my father took us to the arable land, where he was going to sow the land with wheat.

The shady garden, from where the coolness came, attracted thirsty townspeople.

Let's think about the question: why are complex sentences with subordinate tenses needed? Where are they used most often?

6 Work on the text.

Use of complex sentences - distinguishing feature book styles. In colloquial speech, especially in its oral form, we most often use simple sentences, and very often incomplete ones. This is explained by the fact that oral utterances generally do not require complex logical explanations. The absence of conjunctions is compensated by intonation, which becomes crucial for the expression of various semantic relationships.

“Pure” complex sentences in book styles are relatively rare. And complex sentences occupy a worthy place in any book style. Complex sentences are, as it were, “adapted” for the language of science, formal business style And artistic speech.

How are subordinate clauses used in different styles?

IN scientific style temporary subordinate clauses are often complicated by an additional conditional meaning:A scientific hypothesis justifies itself when it is optimal

(cf.: A scientific hypothesis justifies itself if it is optimal)

In artistic speech, where complex sentences with subordinate clauses are found four times more often than in scientific speech, the “purely temporal” meanings of these subordinate clauses are widely used. They can convey duration, repetition, unexpectedness of actions, time gap between events, etc. This creates big expressive capabilities artistic speech, for example: 1) A slightly light breeze will ripple the water, you will stagger, you will begin to weaken (I.A. Krylov) 2) And as soon as the sky lit up, everything suddenly moved noisily, a stand flashed behind the formation. (M.Yu. Lermontov) 3) I just smile when I hear a storm. (N.A. Nekrasov) 4) He has noticeably turned gray since we parted with him. (I.S. Turgenev) 5) We walked until we saw in the windows of the dachas The reflections of the stars did not fade away. (A.P. Chekhov).

(By textbook“Stylistics of the Russian language” I. Golub)

What type of speech is the text? (narration)

To what style? (scientific)

What is this text about? What is the topic of this text?

What is the main idea of ​​the text?

In what styles of speech are complex sentences more often used? What are SPPs with subordinate tenses used for?

Assignment: find complex sentences with subordinate tenses in the text.

6. Summing up...

Homework. Level 1: exercises 141,142.; Level 2: essay-reasoning “Are complex sentences needed in speech?”

The simplest type designs “my name is...; I am working…,; I'm coming..." are studied in the very first English lessons. But such phrases are not enough to use the language at least at an intermediate level. For an interesting conversation and successful communication with foreigners, you need to learn how to make up simple sentences expanded expressions. We will develop this skill in ourselves today, studying subordinate clauses in English and conditional constructions. Knowledge of typical combinations and the ability to use them correctly will enrich and diversify our speech.

Meaning of subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses are dependent constructions of complex sentences that help to expand the meaning of the main sentence, expressing any signs, causes, conditions, consequences, etc. The method of attaching an additional part of an expression to the main one can be different, but most often this always happens with the help of or allied words.

Dependent clauses in English can have different semantic meanings, and refer to any member of the sentence, both main and secondary. The most numerous category of subordinate constructions is the adverbial group. It carries the meaning of time, purpose, place, reason, etc., in general, all those topics for which the circumstance is responsible. In terms of construction, most of these additional sentences coincide with similar expressions in Russian. But two representatives of the adverbial group of English subordinate clauses sometimes have a tense form that is not typical for Russian-speaking people. We'll talk about them in more detail in the next section.

Subordinate clauses in English

These additional constructions contain explanations about when and for how long the actions and events referred to in the main sentence are performed or were/will be performed. In other words, they express the time of occurrence of events. Sentences explaining time are joined to the main part using conjunctions. Most often in English speech The conjunction when is used, which is why such subordinate clauses are often called: clauses with when. But for different shades of time, other conjunctions are also widely used, for example: assoonasuntil,since,after,till,beforebythetime.

• MyparentshadgonetothetheaterbeforeI came home– My parents went to the theater before I came home.
• Wewentforawalkintheparkafterthe snow had stopped We went for a walk in the park after the snow stopped falling.
• Myfatherhasn’ttseenhisparentssincehe moved to the Netherlands– My father has not seen his parents since he moved to the Netherlands.

In the above examples, the relative tenses used in English are not very different from Russian ones. What is their catch then? It lies in the construction practical design, which refers to the future tense. In Russian we will say " When I get home I will repeat this lesson" Notice that both parts are in the future tense.

In English speech, such a construction is impossible, because the rules of grammar do not allow the use of the future tense in additional constructions. This is precisely what distinguishes subordinate clauses of time and conditions from other subordinate clauses. They will use the Present tense to indicate future events or actions ( Present Simple orPresent Perfect to indicate the completion of an action). note that this rule valid only for a dependent structure, the main part can stand in any form, including in the future. Let's look at what this looks like in practice.

Offer	Translation
When I meet my colleague , I'll tell him about this story.	When I meet my colleague, I will tell him about this story.
I hope I will be at home before the hurricane reaches our city .	I hope that I will be home before the hurricane reaches our city.
Nick will go to the airport as soon as the concert finishes .	Nick will head to the airport as soon as the concert is over.
After the rain stops , they’ll go to the supermarket.	After the rain stops, they will go to the supermarket.
I will live in this room until my brother returns home from his trip .	I will live in this room until my brother returns home from his trip.
By the time the police find him , he'll live in another country.	By the time the police find him, he will be living in another country.
They'll go to play football when they have done their homework .	They will go play football when they finish their homework.
As soon as he has finished talking , I can use the phone.	As soon as he finishes the call, I can use the phone.

Note that the English language has unique punctuation rules, according to which a subordinate clause is separated by a comma only when it appears at the beginning of a sentence.

Let’s just add a few words about conditional sentences, since they are the only constructions that behave exactly the same when forming sentences with the future tense. As the name implies, these expressions reveal various probabilities, conditions, possibilities under which the events of the main statement can or cannot be fulfilled. The conjunctions by which they can be easily recognized are: if,unless,incase.

The condition in English is a voluminous and complex topic, since English grammar There are several types of such structures with different rules their use. More information about all types conditional offers can be found in the adjacent material.

As we have already said, subordinate clauses can be very different types. And here, too, there is a little English cunning hidden, since different types sentences can use the same conjunctions. For beginners learning English, such confusion sometimes puts them in an awkward position and makes them make mistakes. So that in conversation it does not arise unpleasant situations, it is necessary to be able to distinguish which member of the sentence the dependent construction belongs to. Let's look at why this is really important using example phrases.

As you remember, the rule about subordinate tenses states that the conjunction when in English requires the Present tense after it. But in the first sentence we used the future, is this a deliberate mistake? No. These are two completely different situations of using the conjunction: in the first case, it adds an addition construction ( doesn't know what?), and in the second situation when attaches an adverbial construction revealing the time of action ( won't know about it - when?). Let's give a couple more examples for better memorization.

• Theydon'twriteyetwhen they will arrive - They haven’t written yet (about what? - about...) when they will arrive.
• Nobodysayswhen we have to finish ourworks - Nobody says (what? – that...) when we have to submit our work.

• Iwillbehappywhen I pass thisexamverywell – I will be happy (when? – then...) when I pass this exam very well.
• Wewillhavesupperwhen guests arrive – We will have dinner (when? – then...) when the guests arrive.

This rule also applies to conditional constructions if a clause with if is used in a sentence as a complement.

This concludes our mastery of English subordinate clauses. We hope that you have learned the basic rules, learned to distinguish between cases of use and are ready to test your knowledge by completing exercises on the topic of subordinate clauses in English. Good luck in improving your foreign language!