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Lesson Objectives:

Educational:

  • reveal the causes of the war;
  • to give an idea of ​​the preparation of troops for the war between the two countries;
  • to form an idea of ​​the course of hostilities: the main battles, generals, etc.;
  • to acquaint students with the personality of the national heroine Joan of Arc;
  • review the results of the Hundred Years War.

Developing:

Continue skill building:

  • work with the map on the example of studying the map “England and France during the Hundred Years War”;
  • compiling and filling in tables on the example of the table “Main events of the Hundred Years War”;
  • drawing up schemes on the example of the scheme “Genealogy of the Kings of France and England”.

Educational:

  • develop your own attitude towards historical events;
  • respect for the opinions of other people when working together and answering the lesson;
  • to form a negative attitude of students towards the war based on the description of numerous battles and cruelty towards the civilian population of France during the war.

Value orientation: War is not a healthy development of society, hindering its further progressive development.

Lesson type: lesson learning new material.

Lesson Form– lecture with elements of laboratory work.

Lesson equipment: board, handouts (tests), map “England and France during the Hundred Years War”, multimedia teaching aids: computer, projector, screen, presentation.

Plan for explaining new material:

  1. Reasons for the war.
  2. Preparations for the war of England and France.
  3. The course of military operations.
  4. Joan of Arc.
  5. Results of the war.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment:

Hello guys. Please write down in advance what will be asked for the next lesson.

Homework:Chapter VII, paragraph 20.

II. Learning new material:

In the XIV century, a long and difficult war began between England and France, it was called the Hundred Years War.

Question to the class:Why was she called Centennial? What do you think? Answer: Because it continued intermittently for more than a hundred years, with interruptions from 1337 to 1453.

That's right, if you take the date of the end of the war and subtract the date of the end, you get 116 years.

So, our today's lesson will be devoted to a new topic “ Hundred Years War (1337-1453)”.

Task for the lesson: During the lesson, we will try to answer the following questions: Who won the Hundred Years War? What territorial changes did England and France undergo?

1. Causes of the war.

First, let's look at what territories belonged to England and France at the beginning of the Hundred Years War.

Working with the map "England and France during the Hundred Years War":

A call to the board on the journal of one or two students who are given the following tasks: Show the territory of England on the eve of the war. Show the territory of France on the eve of the war.

Cause: The French king Philip VI sought to recapture Aquitaine from England: without this, the unification of France could not be completed. But Aquitaine was a valuable source of income, and the English king Edward III did not want to lose her.

Occasion: The English king was a relative of the king of France: his mother, Isabella of France, was the daughter of Philip IV the Handsome. Using the fact that after the death of the sons of Philip IV, who left no heirs, the new Valois dynasty began to rule, he declared his rights to the French throne and started a war. [Question to the class: What dynasty ruled at that time in England? Answer: Plantagenet dynasty.] Despite the fact that, according to ancient Frankish laws, women were forbidden both to inherit the crown and to transfer these rights to their descendants.

Transfer the scheme “Genealogy of the Kings of France and England” to your notebook (see Appendix 2).

2. Preparation for the war of England and France.

The French army consisted of knightly detachments led by seniors. The knights did not recognize discipline: in battle, each of them acted independently and tried to stand out with personal prowess. The infantry consisted of foreign mercenaries. The knights treated the foot soldiers with contempt.

The English army was better organized than the French. They were commanded by the king himself, Edward III, nicknamed the Black Prince by the color of his armor. In addition to the knightly cavalry, the British had numerous disciplined infantry, which consisted of free peasants. Infantry archers shot arrows from crossbows at 600 steps, and from 200 they pierced knightly armor.

3. The course of hostilities.

Working with a table: Now you will work independently with the textbook on pages 168-176 and fill in the table"Main Events of the Hundred Years War".

the date Event Results
1340 Battle of the Channel at Sluys. British victory. The defeat of the French fleet.
1346 Battle of Crecy. British victory.

The French were defeated.
1356 Battle of Poitiers. British victory.
1360 Armistice between France and England. The territory in the south-west of France and the port of Calais in the north went to England.
1415 Battle of Agincourt. French defeat.

British victory.
1429 Liberation of Orleans. French victory.
1453 Surrendered the last English city of Bordeaux in Aquitaine. French victory.

End of the Hundred Years War.

Despite all the disasters, the people retained their courage and will to fight. The peasants fought off the attacks of the robbers on the villages; they ambushed and exterminated the invaders. Inflamed in the country guerrilla war.

Let's write a new definition in your notebook:

Guerrilla warfare is an armed struggle of a significant part of the local population against the authorities, which this part of the population considers alien.

4. Jeanne d "Arc - folk heroine.

Joan of Arc played a big role in the rise of the people's struggle against the invaders and their expulsion. She was not even 18 years old when she left her native places to participate in the fight against the British. Finally, the girl reached the fortress on the Loire, where the heir to the throne was, The courtiers realized that her deep faith in victory could boost the morale of the troops, so Jeanne was given a detachment of knights who joined the army that was going to help Orleans.

1429 - the year of the liberation of Orleans from the siege - became a turning point in the course of the war. With the participation of Jeanne, large areas of France were liberated. But until Charles was crowned, he was not considered the rightful king. Jeanne persuaded him to go on a campaign against Reims, the city where French kings had long been crowned. The heir to the throne was crowned in Reims Cathedral. Near the king with a banner in her hands stood Jeanne in knightly armor.

The unusual success and glory of a peasant girl aroused the envy of noblemen. Jeanne, with a detachment of warriors devoted to her, fought with the Burgundians, making a sortie from the Compiegne fortress. Surrounded on all sides by enemies, she tried to return to the fortress, but her gates were closed, and the bridge was raised. Whether this was betrayal or cowardice of the commandant of the fortress is unknown. The Burgundians captured Joan and sold her to the British.

Jeanne spent many months in prison. In order to slander Joan in the eyes of the people, the English decided to attribute the heroine's victories to the intervention of the devil; she was accused of witchcraft, a terrible thing at that time. Jeanne appeared before the court of the Inquisition. The brave girl was sentenced to a terrible death, and in May 1431 the Virgin was burned at the stake in the city of Rouen. The people did not believe in the death of their Virgin for a long time. The memory of Jeanne d "Arc is carefully preserved by generous France.

5. Results of the Hundred Years War.

Let's answer the tasks set at the beginning of the lesson: Who won the Hundred Years War? What territorial changes did England and France undergo?

The King of France created a permanent mercenary army, increased artillery. Discipline was strengthened in the army. The French army successfully drove the British out of the country. With the support of the rebel peasants and townspeople, she liberated Normandy, and then completely ousted the British from Aquitaine. In 1453, the last British stronghold in Aquitaine, the city of Bordeaux, surrendered. This ended the Hundred Years War. As a result of the war, England lost all its possessions on the continent, except for the port of Calais, which remained on French soil for another century English.

III. Consolidation of the studied material: Tests(cm. Annex 3).

Announcement of grades for the lesson.

Literature for the teacher.

  1. Basovskaya N. I. “The Hundred Years War: Leopard vs. Lily”. - M.: Astrel, AST, 2007. - 446 p.;
  2. Favier J. “The Hundred Years War” / Per. from French M. Yu. Nekrasov. - St. Petersburg: Eurasia, 2009. - 656 p.;
  3. Fowler K. “The Age of the Plantagenets and the Valois” / Per. from English. S. A. Kirilenko. - St. Petersburg: Eurasia, 2002. - 352 p.;
  4. Perrois E. “The Hundred Years War” / Per. from French M. Yu. Nekrasov. - St. Petersburg: Eurasia, 2002. - 480 p.;
  5. A.P. Lewandowski. "Joan of Arc". - M.: Young Guard, 1962; 1982 (2nd edition); 2007 (3rd edition).

Literature for students.

  1. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 35. - History of the Middle Ages. - Publishing house: Avanta +, 2008. - 528.;
  2. V. Ustinov “The Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses”. - Publisher: AST, Astrel, Keeper, 2007. - 688 pages;
  3. P. Konsky "The Hundred Years' War" // encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.

The Hundred Years War (French Guerre de Cent Ans, English Hundred Years "War) is a series of military conflicts between England and its allies, on the one hand, and France and its allies, on the other, lasting from about 1337 to 1453. The reason for these conflicts were claims to the French throne by the English royal dynasty Plantagenet, seeking to return the territories on the continent that previously belonged to the English kings. The Plantagenets were also related by ties to the French Capetian dynasty. France, in turn, sought to oust the British from Guyenne, which was assigned to them by the Treaty of Paris in 1259. Despite initial successes, England never achieved its goal in the war, and as a result of the war on the continent, she was left with only the port of Calais, which she held until 1558.

The war lasted 116 years (with interruptions). Strictly speaking, it was rather a series of conflicts: the first (Edwardian War) continued in 1337-1360, the second (Carolingian War) - in 1369-1389, the third (Lancaster War) - in 1415-1429, the fourth - in 1429-1453. The term "Hundred Years War" as a generic name for these conflicts appeared later. Starting with a dynastic conflict, the war subsequently acquired a national connotation in connection with the formation of the English and French nations. Due to numerous military clashes, epidemics, famine and murder, the population of France decreased by two-thirds as a result of the war. From the point of view of military affairs, during the course of the war, new types of weapons and military equipment, developed new tactical and strategic techniques that destroyed the foundations of the old feudal armies. In particular, the first standing armies appeared.

The reasons

The war was started by the English king Edward III, who was the maternal grandson of the French king Philip IV the Handsome from the Capetian dynasty. After the death in 1328 of Charles IV, the last of the direct branch of the Capetians, and the coronation of Philip VI (Valois) under Salic law, Edward claimed his rights to the French throne. In addition, the monarchs fought over the economically important region of Gascony, nominally owned by the English king, but actually controlled by France. In addition, Edward wanted to regain the territories lost by his father. For his part, Philip VI demanded that Edward III recognize him as a sovereign sovereign. The compromise homage concluded in 1329 did not satisfy either side. However, in 1331, faced with internal problems, Edward recognized Philip as king of France and abandoned his claim to the French throne (in exchange for this, the British retained their rights to Gascony).

In 1333, Edward went to war with the Scottish king David II, an ally of France. In conditions when the attention of the British was riveted to Scotland, Philip VI decided to seize the opportunity and annex Gascony. However, the war was successful for the British, and already in July David was forced to flee to France after the defeat at Halidon Hill. In 1336, Philip began to make plans for a landing in the British Isles for the coronation of David II on the Scottish throne, while planning to annex Gascony. Hostility in relations between the two countries escalated to the limit.

In the autumn of 1337, the British launched an offensive in Picardy. They were supported by the Flemish cities and feudal lords and the cities of southwestern France.

State armed forces France on the eve of the war

The French army at the time of the outbreak of the war consisted of a feudal knightly militia, soldiers called up for war on contract basis(these included both commoners and representatives of the nobility with whom the government entered into oral or written contracts) and foreign mercenaries (they also included detachments of the famous Genoese crossbowmen). The military elite consisted of detachments of the feudal militia. By the time the conflict began, the number of knights capable of bearing arms was 2350-4000 warriors. By that time, the knightly estate had become practically a closed caste. The system of universal conscription, which formally existed in France, had practically disappeared by the time the war began. The cities, however, were able to field large military contingents, including cavalry and artillery. All warriors were paid for their service. The infantry outnumbered the cavalry.

First stage

The start of the war was successful for Edward III. Edward during the first years of the war managed to make alliances with the rulers of the Low Countries and the burghers of Flanders, but after several unsuccessful campaigns, the alliance broke up in 1340. The subsidies allocated by Edward III to the German princes, as well as the costs of maintaining an army abroad, led to the bankruptcy of the English treasury, hitting hard on Edward's prestige. At first, France had superiority at sea, hiring ships and sailors from Genoa. This caused constant fears of a possible threat of Philip's troops invading the British Isles, which forced Edward III to go to additional expenses, buying wood from Flanders for the construction of ships. Be that as it may, the French fleet, which prevented the landing of English troops on the continent, was almost completely destroyed in the naval battle of Sluys in 1340. After that, until the end of the war, the fleet of Edward III had dominance at sea, controlling the English Channel.

In 1341 the War of the Breton Succession broke out, with Edward supporting Jean de Montfort and Philip supporting Charles de Blois. During the following years, the war took place in Brittany, and the city of Vannes changed hands several times. Further military campaigns in Gascony met with mixed success on both sides. In 1346, Edward crossed the English Channel and invaded France, landing with an army on the Cotentin Peninsula. Within one day, the English army captured Caen, which caused bewilderment of the French command, which was expecting a long siege of the city. Philip, having gathered an army, moved towards Edward. Edward moved his troops north into the Low Countries. Along the way, his army plundered and looted, and the king himself did not make any efforts to systematically capture and hold the territory. Unable to outmanoeuvre the enemy, Edward positioned his forces in preparation for the coming battle. Philip's troops attacked Edward's army at the famous Battle of Crécy on August 26, 1346, which ended in a catastrophic defeat for the French troops. The English troops continued their unhindered advance to the north and laid siege to Calais, which was taken in 1347. This event was an important strategic success for the British, allowing Edward III to keep his forces on the Continent. In the same year, after the victory at Neville's Cross and the capture of David II, the threat from Scotland was eliminated.

In 1346-1351, a plague pandemic swept through Europe (" Black Death”), which claimed hundreds of times more lives than the war, and undoubtedly influenced the activity of hostilities. One of the remarkable military episodes of this period is the battle of thirty between thirty English knights and squires and thirty French knights and squires, which took place on March 26, 1351.

By 1356, England was able to restore its finances after a swept plague epidemic. In 1356, an English army of 30,000 under the command of the son of Edward III the Black Prince, launching an invasion from Gascony, inflicted a crushing defeat on the French at the Battle of Poitiers, capturing King John II the Good. John the Good signed a truce with Edward. During his captivity, the French government began to fall apart. In 1359, the Treaty of London was signed, according to which the English crown received Aquitaine, and John was set free. Military failures and economic difficulties led to popular indignations - the Parisian uprising (1357-1358) and the Jacquerie (1358). Edward's troops invaded France for the third time. Using a favorable situation, Edward tried to take Paris and seize the throne. Despite the difficult situation in which France was, Edward failed to capture either Paris or Reims. The Dauphin of France, the future King Charles V, was forced to conclude a humiliating peace for himself in Brétigny (1360). As a result of the first stage of the war, Edward III acquired half of Brittany, Aquitaine, Calais, Pontier, and about half of the vassal possessions of France. The French crown thus lost a third of the territory of France.

Peaceful period (1360-1369)

When the son of John II the Good, Louis of Anjou, sent to England as a hostage and guarantor that John II would not escape, fled in 1362, John II, following his knightly honor, returned to English captivity. After John died in honorary captivity in 1364, Charles V became king of France.

The peace signed at Brétigny excluded Edward's right to claim the French crown. At the same time, Edward expanded his possessions in Aquitaine and firmly secured Calais. In fact, Edward never again claimed the French throne, and Charles V began to make plans to reconquer the lands occupied by the British. In 1369, under the pretext of Edward's non-compliance with the terms of the peace treaty signed at Brétigny, Charles announced

Strengthening France. truce

Taking advantage of the respite, the French King Charles V reorganized the army, reinforced it with artillery, and carried out economic reforms. This allowed the French in the second stage of the war, in the 1370s, to achieve significant military successes. The British were driven out of the country. Despite the fact that the War of the Breton Succession ended with the victory of the British at the Battle of Auray, the Breton dukes showed loyalty to the French authorities, and the Breton knight Bertrand du Guesclin even became the constable of France. At the same time, the Black Prince was busy with the war in the Iberian Peninsula since 1366, and Edward III was too old to command the troops. All this favored France. Pedro of Castile, whose daughters Constance and Isabella were married to the Black Prince's brothers John of Gaunt and Edmund Langley, was removed from the throne in 1370 by Enrique II with the support of the French under du Guesclin. War broke out between Castile and France, on the one hand, and Portugal and England, on the other. With the death of Sir John Chandos, seneschal of Poitou, and the capture of Captal de Bouche, England lost her best military leaders in their person. Du Guesclin, following a cautious "Fabian" strategy, in a series of campaigns, avoiding clashes with large English armies, liberated many cities, such as Poitiers (1372) and Bergerac (1377). The allied Franco-Castilian fleet won a landslide victory at La Rochelle, destroying the English squadron. For its part, the British command undertook a series of devastating predatory raids, but du Guesclin again managed to avoid clashes.

With the death of the Black Prince in 1376 and Edward III in 1377, the Prince's minor son, Richard II, succeeded to the English throne. Bertrand du Guesclin died in 1380, but England had a new threat in the north from Scotland. In 1388, the English troops were defeated by the Scots at the Battle of Otterbourne. Due to the extreme exhaustion of both sides in 1396, they concluded a truce.

Truce (1396-1415)

At that time french king Charles VI went mad, and soon a new one broke out. armed conflict between his cousin, the Duke of Burgundy, Jean the Fearless, and his brother, Louis of Orléans. After the assassination of Louis Armagnac, who opposed the party of Jean the Fearless, seized power. By 1410, both sides wanted to call on English troops to their aid. England, weakened by internal unrest and uprisings in Ireland and Wales, entered into new war with Scotland. In addition, two more civil wars raged in the country. Richard II spent most of his reign fighting Ireland. By the time of the removal of Richard and the accession of Henry IV to the English throne, the Irish problem had not been solved. On top of that, a rebellion broke out in Wales under the leadership of Owain Glyndŵr, which was finally suppressed only by 1415. For several years, Wales was actually an independent country. Taking advantage of the change of kings in England, the Scots carried out several raids into English lands. However, the English troops, who went on the counteroffensive, defeated the Scots at the Battle of Homildon Hill in 1402. Following these events, Count Henry Percy raised an uprising against the king, which resulted in a long and bloody struggle that ended only by 1408. In these difficult years, England, among other things, survived the raids of French and Scandinavian pirates, who dealt a heavy blow to her fleet and trade. In connection with all these problems, intervention in the affairs of France was postponed until 1415.

Third stage (1415-1420). Battle of Agincourt and occupation of France

From the time of his accession to the throne, the English king Henry IV made plans to invade France. However, only his son, Henry V, succeeded in realizing these plans. In 1414, he refused an alliance with the Armagnacs. His plans included the return of territories that belonged to the English crown under Henry II. In August 1415, his army landed near Arfleu and captured the city. Wanting to march to Paris, the king, out of caution, chose a different route, which ran to Calais, occupied by the British. Due to the fact that there was not enough food in the English army, and the English command made a number of strategic miscalculations, Henry V was forced to go on the defensive. Despite an unfavorable start to the campaign, at the Battle of Agincourt on October 25, 1415, the British won a decisive victory over the superior forces of the French.

Henry captured most of Normandy, including Caen (1417) and Rouen (1419). Having entered into an alliance with the Duke of Burgundy, who captured Paris after the assassination of Jean the Fearless in 1419, in five years the English king subjugated about half of the territory of France. In 1420, Henry met in negotiations with the mad King Charles VI, with whom he signed an agreement in Troyes, according to which Henry V was declared the heir to Charles VI the Mad, bypassing the legitimate heir of the Dauphin Charles (in the future - King Charles VII). After the treaty of Troyes, until 1801, the kings of England bore the title of kings of France. The following year, Henry entered Paris, where the treaty was officially confirmed by the Estates General.

Henry's successes ended with the landing of a six thousand strong Scottish army in France. In 1421, John Stewart, Earl of Buchan defeated the outnumbered English army at the Battle of Bozea. The English commander and most of the high ranking English commanders died in the battle. Shortly after this defeat, King Henry V dies at Meaux in 1422. His only one-year-old son was immediately crowned king of England and France, but the Armagnacs remained loyal to the son of King Charles, and the war continued.

In 1423, at the Battle of Cravan, the Franco-Scottish troops already suffered heavy losses. In this battle, about 4 thousand British managed to win, fighting an enemy three times their number. As a result of the defeat of the French troops, communication between Picardy and the south of France was interrupted. The territory that still supported the "legitimate king" was "cut" in half. Both parts were now forced to fight separately, unable to come to the aid of each other, which caused severe damage to the cause of Charles VII. The defeat at Cravan resulted in several more lost battles.

Continuing hostilities, in 1428 the British laid siege to Orleans. The French attack on the English food convoy near the village of Rouvray near Orleans resulted in a battle, known in history as the “Battle of the Herrings” and ending with the victory of the British under the leadership of the knight John Fastolf. The year 1430 marked the emergence of Joan of Arc on the political arena.
The course of the Hundred Years War

Final fracture. Driving the British out of France

In 1424, Henry VI's uncles began a war for the regency, and one of them, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, married Jacob, Countess of Gennegau, captured Holland to restore her power over her former possessions, which led to conflict with Duke of Burgundy Philip III.

By 1428, the British continued the war by laying siege to Orléans. Their forces were not enough to organize a complete blockade of the city, but the French troops that outnumbered them did not take any action. In 1429, Joan of Arc convinced the Dauphine to give her troops to lift the siege from Orleans. Raising the morale of her soldiers, at the head of the troops, she attacked the English siege fortifications, forcing the enemy to retreat, lifting the siege from the city. Inspired by Jeanne, the French liberated a number of important fortified Shortly thereafter, Jeanne defeated the English troops at Pates, opening the way to Reims, where the Dauphin was crowned as Charles VII.

In 1430 Joan was captured by the Burgundians and handed over to the British. But even her execution in 1431 did not affect the further course of the war. In 1435, the Burgundians went over to the side of the King of France, and Philip III, having signed the Treaty of Arras with Charles, gave Paris to him. The loyalty of the Burgundians was unreliable, but, be that as it may, the Burgundians, having concentrated their forces on conquests in the Netherlands, could no longer continue active hostilities in France. All this allowed Charles to reorganize the army and government. The French commanders, repeating du Guesclin's strategy, liberated city after city. In 1449, the French retook Rouen. At the battle of Formigny, the Comte de Clermont utterly defeated the English troops. On July 6, the French liberated Caen. An attempt by English troops under the command of John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury to retake Gascony, which remained loyal to the English crown, failed: the English troops suffered a crushing defeat at Castiglion in 1453. This battle was the last battle of the Hundred Years War. In 1453, the capitulation of the English garrison at Bordeaux ended the Hundred Years' War.

Consequences of the war

As a result of the war, England lost all its possessions on the continent, except for Calais, which remained part of England until 1558. The English crown lost vast territories in southwestern France that it had held since the 12th century. The madness of the English king plunged the country into a period of anarchy and civil strife, in which the warring houses of Lancaster and York were the central actors. In connection with the unfolding civil war, England did not have the strength and means to return the territories lost, as it turned out, forever, on the continent. On top of that, the treasury was devastated by military spending.

During the war, its character changed: starting with a classic feudal conflict between two claimants to lands subordinate to the French crown, it then developed into a war of two sovereign monarchs, increasingly acquiring national character with wide involvement in the conflict of representatives of the most different layers society. The war had a strong influence on the development of military affairs: the role of the infantry increased on the battlefields, requiring less expenditure when creating large armies, and the first standing armies appeared. New types of weapons were invented, favorable conditions appeared for the development of firearms.

What could be worse than war when hundreds of thousands of people die for the interests of politicians and those in power. And all the more terrible are protracted military conflicts, during which people get used to living in conditions where death can overtake them at any moment, and human life has no value. This was exactly the reasons, stages, results and biographies actors which deserve careful study.

The reasons

Before studying what were the results of the Hundred Years War, one should understand its prerequisites. It all started with the fact that the sons of the French king Philip the Fourth left no male heirs. At the same time, the native grandson of the monarch from the daughter of Isabella, the English king Edward the Third, who ascended the throne of England in 1328 at the age of 16, was alive. However, he could not claim the throne of France under the Salic law. Thus, France reigned in the person of Philip the Sixth, who was the nephew of Philip the Fourth, and Edward the Third in 1331 was forced to swear an oath of vassalage to him for Gascony, a French region considered the personal property of the English monarchs.

Beginning and first stage of the war (1337-1360)

6 years after the events described, Edward the Third decided to still fight for the throne of his grandfather and sent a challenge to Philip the Sixth. Thus began the Hundred Years War, the causes and results of which are of great interest to those who study the history of Europe. After the declaration of war, the British launched an attack on Picardy, in which they were supported by the inhabitants of Flanders and the feudal lords of the southwestern counties of France.

In the first years after the start of the armed conflict fighting went with varying success, until in 1340 there was a naval battle in Sluys. As a result of the British victory, the English Channel came under their control and remained so until the end of the war. Thus, in the summer of 1346, nothing could prevent the troops of Edward the Third from crossing the strait and capturing the city of Caen. From there, the English army followed to Crécy, where on August 26 the famous battle took place, which ended in their triumph, and in 1347 they also captured the city of Calais. In parallel with these events, hostilities were unfolding in Scotland. However, fortune continued to smile on Edward the Third, who defeated the army of this kingdom at the battle of Neville's Cross, and eliminated the threat of war on two fronts.

The plague pandemic and the conclusion of peace in Brétigny

In 1346-1351, the "Black Death" visited Europe. This plague pandemic claimed so many lives that there could be no question of continuing the fighting. The only highlight of this period, sung in ballads, was the Battle of the Thirty, when the English and French knights with squires staged a massive duel, which was watched by several hundred peasants. After the end of the pestilence, England again began military operations, which were mainly led by the Black Prince, the eldest son of Edward the Third. In 1356 he defeated and captured the French king John II. Later, in 1360, the Dauphin of France, who was to become King Charles V, signed the so-called Peace of Brétigny on very unfavorable terms.

Thus, the results of the Hundred Years War at its first stage were as follows:

  • France was completely demoralized;
  • England acquired half of Brittany, Aquitaine, Poitiers, Calais and almost half of the enemy's vassal possessions, i.e. John the Second lost power over a third of the territory of his country;
  • Edward the Third undertook, on his own behalf and on behalf of his descendants, no longer to claim the throne of his grandfather;
  • the second son of John the Second - Louis of Anjou - was sent to London as a hostage in exchange for the return of his father to France.

Peaceful period from 1360 to 1369

After the cessation of hostilities, the peoples of the countries involved in the conflict received a respite that lasted 9 years. During this time, Louis of Anjou escaped from England, and his father, being a knight true to his word, went into voluntary captivity, where he died. After his death, he ascended the throne of France, who in 1369 unjustly accused the British of violating the peace treaty and resumed hostilities against them.

Second phase

Usually, those who study the course and results of the Hundred Years' War characterize the time interval between 1369 and 1396 as a series of constant battles, in which, in addition to the main participants, the kingdoms of Castile, Portugal and Scotland were also involved. During this period, the following important events took place:

  • in 1370 in Castile, with the help of the French, Enrique II came to power, who became their faithful ally;
  • two years later the city of Poitiers was liberated;
  • in 1372, at the battle of La Rochelle, the Franco-Castilian combined fleet defeated the English squadron;
  • 4 years later the Black Prince died;
  • in 1377, Edward III died, and the minor Richard II ascended the throne of England;
  • from 1392 the king of France showed signs of insanity;
  • four years later, a truce was concluded, caused by the extreme exhaustion of the opponents.

Truce (1396-1415)

When the madness of the king became obvious to everyone, internecine strife began in the country, in which the Armagnac party won. The situation was no better in England, which entered into a new war with Scotland, which, moreover, was supposed to pacify the rebellions of Ireland and Wales. In addition, Richard II was overthrown there, and Henry the Fourth, and then his son, reigned on the throne. Thus, until 1415, both countries were unable to continue the war and were in a state of armed truce.

Third stage (1415-1428)

Those who study the course and consequences of the Hundred Years' War usually call its most interesting event the emergence of such a historical phenomenon as a female warrior who was able to become the head of an army of feudal knights. We are talking about Joan of Arc, born in 1412, whose personality was greatly influenced by the events that took place in 1415-1428. Historical science considers this period the third stage of the Hundred Years War and highlights the following events as key ones:

  • the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, which was won by Henry V;
  • the signing of an agreement at Troyes, according to which the distraught king Charles the Sixth declared the king of England his heir;
  • the capture of Paris by the British in 1421;
  • the death of Henry the Fifth and the declaration of his one-year-old son as King of England and France;
  • the defeat of the former Dauphin Charles, whom a significant part of the French considered the rightful king, at the Battle of Cravan;
  • the British siege of Orleans, which began in 1428, during which the world first learned the name of Joan of Arc.

End of the war (1428-1453)

The city of Orleans was of great strategic importance. If the British managed to capture it, then the answer to the question “what are the results of the Hundred Years War” would be completely different, and the French could even lose their independence. Fortunately for this country, a girl was sent down to her, calling herself Jeanne the Virgin. She arrived at the Dauphin Charles in March 1429 and announced that the Lord had commanded her to stand at the head of the French army and lift the siege of Orleans. After a series of interrogations and trials, Karl believed her and appointed her commander in chief of his troops. As a result, on May 8, Orleans was saved, on June 18, Jeanne's army defeated the British army at the Battle of Pat, and on June 29, at the insistence of the Virgin of Orleans, the Dauphin's “Bloody Campaign” began in Reims. There he was crowned as Charles the Seventh, but soon after that he stopped listening to the advice of the warrior.

A few years later, Jeanne was captured by the Burgundians, who handed the girl over to the British, who executed her, accusing her of heresy and idolatry. However, the results of the Hundred Years' War were already a foregone conclusion, and even the death of the Virgin of Orleans could not prevent the liberation of France. Last battle in this war was the battle of Castillon when the British lost Gascony, which had belonged to them for more than 250 years.

Results of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

As a result of this protracted inter-dynastic armed conflict, England lost all its continental territories in France, retaining only the port of Calais. In addition, in response to the question of what are the results of the Hundred Years War, experts in the field military history they answer that as a result of it, the methods of warfare have changed dramatically, and new types of weapons have been created.

Consequences of the Hundred Years' War

The echoes of this armed conflict predetermined relations between England and France for centuries to come. In particular, until 1801, the English, and then the monarchs of Great Britain, bore the title of kings of France, which in no way contributed to the establishment of friendly ties.

Now you know when the Hundred Years War took place, the causes, course, results and motives of the main characters of which have been the subject of study by many historians for almost 6 centuries.

Continuation
63. The teacher painted lipstick and urinated with perfume (Composition on the theme “My favorite teacher”)
64. While Pavel Vlasov was spitting on the decaying corpse of tsarism in court, his mother was throwing leaflets at this corpse on the street
65. Andriy! - exclaimed Taras. - How I gave birth to you, so I will kill you!
66. Dubrovsky had relations with Masha through a hollow
67. Before us is Vasnetsov's painting "Three Heroes". Looking at the horse Dobrynya Nikitich, we see that he is from a wealthy family. But the face of Alyosha Popovich's horse is not visible - he bent down
68. Someone was walking in Dubrovsky's bottom!
69. Warriors of Alexander Nevsky fought with dogs-knights with rubber swords
70. Lenin arrived in Petrograd, made a speech from an armored car, then sat on it and went to storm the Winter Palace
71. In 1968, the peasants were given passports and they began to travel around the country
72. The army of Ivan the Terrible approached Kazan and surrounded it
73. In the cave of a primitive man, everything was made of animal skins, even the curtains on the windows
74. When gas was brought to our village, all residents were connected to the gas pipeline
75. The girl ate a pie with a dog that ran after her.
76. During the riot, women stole the entire seed fund of Davydov (From an essay on “Virgin Soil Upturned”)
77. Elk went to the edge of the forest and howled with annoyance
78. Chelkash walked along the road. From his torn trousers, his proletarian origin was visible.
79. Swallows flew across the sky and croaked loudly
80. The calf got angry and killed Desdemona
81. Dubrovsky stood near the window, laying his hands
82. A milkmaid spoke on the podium. After that, the chairman climbed on it
83. Seven dwarfs loved Snow White very much, because she was kind, clean and did not refuse anyone
84. Raskolnikov woke up and sweetly reached for an ax. A corpse lay on the floor and barely breathed, the wife of the corpse sat next to it, and the brother of the corpse lay unconscious in another room.
85. On the bank of the river, a milkmaid was milking a cow, but the opposite was reflected in the water.
86. Anna Karenina did not find a single real man and therefore lay down under the train
87. The poem is written in rhyme, which is often observed in the poet
88. Suvorov was a real man and slept with ordinary soldiers
89. Pushkin was sensitive in many places
90. The great Russian artist Levitan was born into a poor Jewish family
91. Of all the feminine charms, Maria Bolkonskaya had only eyes
92. Anna got along with Vronsky in a completely new, unacceptable way for the country
93. Pushkin did not have time to dodge, and Dantes discharged the entire clip into him
94. The bears saw that the bed of the bear cub was wrinkled, and understood: Masha was here
95. It was quiet all around, as if everyone had died out ... What a beauty!
96. A sundial ticked loudly in the room
97. Since Pechorin is an extra person, then writing about him is a waste of time
98. The train driver himself could not really explain how he ended up on Anna Karenina
99. Old Prince Bolkonsky did not want his son's wedding with Natasha Rostova, and gave him a year of probation
100. I really like the heroine of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", especially when she dances at the ball with Stirlitz
101. Chickens, ducks and other household utensils walked around the yard
102. Denis Davydov turned his back to the women and fired twice
103. When the Russian warriors entered the battlefield, the Mongol-Tatar yoke jumped out from behind the mound
104. Prince Oleg was predicted that he would die from a snake that crawled out of his skull
105. Pierre Bezukhov wore pantaloons with a high frill
106. The rider speared the horse
107. Grandfather cured a hare and began to live with him
108. His eyes looked at each other with tenderness
109. Pope Carlo knocked out Pinocchio
110. Gogol's work was characterized by triplicity. With one foot he stood in the past, with the other he stepped into the future, and between - he had a terrible reality
111. My feathered friend is sitting in a cage - a hamster
112. It was quiet in the forest, but wolves howled around the corner
113. Vasya got himself a dog when he was still a puppy
114. The eyes of the goalkeeper, like the legs, ran after the sword
115. The girls walked and crunched their feet together
116. Anya, sitting on a chair, slept, and casually ate a bun
117. A cow is a large animal with four legs at the corners
118. We slept, but we couldn't sleep
119. Arsenic is used as a good sedative
120. At the balls he courted the ladies, but soon he got tired of these jokes
121. There were many pigeons on the roof. Forty man
122. An ordinary head dangled on a thin, sinewy neck
123. There were scattered dirty footprints on the school floor
124. Our distant ancestors made the revolution naked, barefoot, in bast shoes.

The Hundred Years' War, which began in 1337 and ended in 1453, was a series of conflicts between two kingdoms, France and England. The main rivals were: the ruling house of Valois and the ruling house of Plantagenet and Lancaster. There were other participants in the Hundred Years War: Flanders, Scotland, Portugal, Castile and other European countries.

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Reasons for the confrontation

The term itself appeared much later and meant not only a dynastic conflict between ruling houses kingdoms, but also the war of nations, which by this time had begun to take shape. There are two main causes of the Hundred Years War:

  1. dynastic conflict.
  2. Territorial claims.

By 1337 stopped ruling dynasty Capetians in France (began with Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, descendant in the direct male line).

Philip IV the Handsome, the last strong ruler of the Capetian dynasty, had three sons: Louis (X the Grumpy), Philip (V the Long), Charles (IV the Handsome). Not one of them managed to give birth to a male descendant, and after the death of the youngest of the heirs of Charles IV, the council of peers of the kingdom decided to crown cousin the last Philippe de Valois. This decision was protested by the King of England, Edward III Plantagenet, who was the grandson of Philip IV, the son of his daughter Isabella of England.

Attention! The Council of Peers of France refused to consider the candidacy of Edward III because of the decision made several years earlier that it was impossible to inherit the crown of France by or through a woman. The decision was made after the Nelsk case: the only daughter of Louis X the Grumpy Jeanne of Navarre could not inherit the French crown due to the fact that her mother Margarita of Burgundy was convicted of treason, which means that the origin of Jeanne herself was called into question. The House of Burgundy disputed this decision, but after Joan was made queen of Navarre, they backed down.

Edward III, whose origin was not in doubt, could not agree with the decision of the Council of Peers and even refused to take a full vassal oath to Philip of Valois (he was nominally considered a vassal of the king of France, since he had land holdings in France). The compromise homage made in 1329 did not satisfy either Edward III or Philip VI.

Attention! Philip de Valois was Edward III's cousin, but even close kinship did not deter the monarchs from a direct military clash.

Territorial disputes between countries arose as early as the time of Eleanor of Aquitaine. Over time, those lands on the continent that Eleanor of Aquitaine brought to the English crown were lost. Only Hyenne and Gascony remained in the possession of the English kings. The French wanted to free these lands from the British, as well as maintain their influence in Flanders. Edward III married the heiress to the throne of Flanders, Philippe de Arnaud.

Also, the reasons for the Hundred Years War lay in the personal hostility of the rulers of states to each other. This history had long roots and developed progressively, despite the fact that ruling houses tied family ties.

Periodization and progress

There is a conditional periodization of hostilities, which in fact was a series of local military conflicts occurring with long breaks. Historians distinguish the following periods:

  • Edwardian,
  • carolingian,
  • Lancastrian,
  • advance of Charles VII.

Each stage was characterized by a victory or a conditional victory of one of the parties.

In essence, the beginning of the Hundred Years' War dates back to 1333, when the English troops attacked France's ally - Scotland, so the question of who started the hostilities can be answered unequivocally. The British offensive was successful. Scottish King David II was forced to flee the country to France. Philip IV, who planned to annex Gascony "on the sly", was forced to switch to the British Isles, where a landing operation was taking place in order to restore David to the throne. The operation was never carried out, as the British launched a massive offensive in Picardy. Support came from Flanders and Gascony. Further events looked as follows (the main battles of the Hundred Years War at the first stage):

  • fighting in the Netherlands - 1336-1340; battles at sea -1340-1341;
  • the war for the Breton inheritance -1341-1346 (the devastating battle for the French at Cressy in 1346, after which Philip VI fled from the British, the capture of the port of Calais by the British in 1347, the defeat of the troops of the Scottish king by the British in 1347);
  • the Aquitanian company - 1356-1360 (again, the complete defeat of the French knights in the battle of Poitiers, the siege of Reims and Paris by the British, which was not completed for a number of reasons).

Attention! During this period, France was weakened not only by the conflict with England, but also by the plague epidemic that broke out in 1346-1351. The French rulers - Philip and his son John (II, the Good) - could not cope with the situation, brought the country to complete economic exhaustion.

Due to the threat of the possible loss of Reims and Paris in 1360, the Dauphin Charles signed a peace humiliating for France with Edward III. Almost one-third of all French territories retreated along it to England.

The truce between England and France did not last long, until 1369. After John II died, Charles V began to look for ways to win back the lost territories. In 1369, the peace was broken on the pretext that the English were not keeping the terms of the peace of 60.

It should be noted that the aged Edward Plantagenet no longer desired the French crown. His son and heir, the Black Prince, also did not see himself as a French monarch.

Carolingian stage

Charles V was an experienced leader and diplomat. He managed, with the support of the Breton aristocracy, to push Castile and England. The main events of this period were:

  • liberation from the English of Poitiers (1372);
  • liberation of Bergerac (1377).

Attention! England during this period was experiencing a serious internal political crisis: first, Crown Prince Edward died (1376), then Edward III (1377). Scottish troops also continued to harass English borders. The situation in Wales and Northern Ireland was difficult.

Realizing the complexity of the situation, both in the country and abroad, the English king requested a truce, which was concluded in 1396.

The time of the truce, which lasted until 1415, was difficult for both France and England. started in France Civil War caused by the madness of the reigning King Charles VI. In England the government tried:

  • fight the uprisings that broke out in Ireland and Wales;
  • repel the attacks of the Scots;
  • deal with Count Percy's rebellion;
  • put an end to the pirates who undermined English trade.

During this period, power also changed in England: the minor Richard II was deposed, and as a result, Henry IV ascended the throne.

The third Anglo-French conflict was unleashed by Henry V, son of Henry IV. He led a very successful campaign, as a result of which the British succeeded in:

become victors at Agincourt (1415); capture Caen and Rouen; take Paris (1420); win at Cravan; French territory to be divided into two parts, which were unable to contact due to the presence of English troops; besiege the city of Orleans in 1428.

Attention! The international situation was complicated and confused by the fact that Henry V died in 1422. His infant son was recognized as king of both countries, but most of the French supported the Dauphin Charles VII.

It is at this turning point that the legendary Joan of Arc, the future national heroine of France, appears. Largely thanks to her and her faith, the Dauphin Charles decided to take action. Before its appearance, there was no talk of any active resistance.

The last period was marked by a peace signed between the House of Burgundy and the Armagnacs, who supported the Dauphin Charles. The reason for this unexpected alliance was the offensive of the British.

As a result of the creation of an alliance and the activities of Joan of Arc, the siege of Orleans was lifted (1429), victory was won at the Battle of Pat, Reims was liberated, where in 1430 the Dauphin was declared king by Charles VII.

Jeanne fell into the hands of the British and the Inquisition, her death could not stop the offensive of the French, who sought to completely clear the territory of their country from the British. In 1453, the British capitulated, which marked the end of the Hundred Years' War. The French king won, of course, with the active support of the Burgundian ducal house. This is the whole course of the Hundred Years War briefly.

Causes and the beginning of the Hundred Years War (Russian) History of the Middle Ages.

End of the Hundred Years War. Unification of France. (Russian) History of the Middle Ages.

Summarizing

France managed to defend its territories. Almost everything except the port of Calais, which remained English until 1558. Both countries were economically devastated. The population of France has decreased by more than half. And this is probably the most important consequences of the Hundred Years War. The conflict had a strong influence on the development of military affairs in Europe. Most importantly, the formation of regular armies began. England entered a protracted period of civil wars, which led to the fact that the Tudor dynasty was on the throne of the country.

The history and results of the Hundred Years' War by numerous professional historians and writers. William Shakespeare, Voltaire, Schiller, Prosper Merimee, Alexandre Dumas, A. Conan Doyle wrote about her. Mark Twain and Maurice Druon.