Scales of increase and decrease are indicated in the drawing. Standard drawing scales

Machines and some of their parts, buildings and their parts are large, so draw them in life size not possible. Their images have to be drawn in. Smallest details wristwatch and other mechanisms have to be drawn, on the contrary, on an enlarged scale.

In all cases where possible, details should be drawn in actual size, i.e. on a scale of 1:1.

Reducing or enlarging images any number of times is not permitted. GOST 2.302-68 installed following scales reduction: 1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1:40; 1:50; 1:75; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000. When drawing up master plans for large objects, it is allowed to use a scale of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10,000; 1:20,000; 1:25,000; 1:50,000. Magnification scales are written as a ratio to unity; The standard establishes the following magnification scales: 2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1, 50:1; 100:1. If necessary, it is allowed to use magnification scales (100l): 1, where n is an integer. In cases where full word“scale” is not included in the entry; the letter M is placed before the scale designation, for example they write: M 1:2 (reduction scale), M 2:1 (increase scale). In Fig. 1 washer rectangular shape depicted in three scales: life-size (M 1:1), reduced scale and enlarged scale. The linear dimensions of the last image are four times larger than the middle one, and the area occupied by the image is sixteen times larger. Such a sharp change in image size should be taken into account when choosing the scale of the drawing.

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Rice. 1. Comparison of different scales. Linear scales

In addition to numerical scales, linear scales are used in drawing. Linear scales There are two types: simple and transverse (Fig. 1). Simple linear scale, corresponding to a numerical scale of 1: 100, is a line on which centimeter divisions are laid out from the zero division to the right, and one of the same divisions divided into millimeters to the left. Each centimeter division of the linear scale corresponds to 100 cm (or 1 m). Each millimeter division corresponds, obviously, to one decimeter. Having taken any size from the drawing with a meter, place one needle on the corresponding full division to the right of zero, on -
example for division 3. Then the second needle will show how many decimeters over 3 m the measured size has. IN in this case it is equal to 3.4 m.

The advantages of a simple linear scale over a regular ruler are as follows:

it is always on the drawing;
gives more accurate readings, since the dimensions in the drawing are plotted, as a rule, according to a given linear scale;
After photographing the drawing, the scale, decreasing proportionally, makes it possible to obtain dimensions without constructing a proportional scale.

More perfect is linear transverse scale. In the drawing it is given for the same scale of 1:100. Oblique lines, transversals, allow you to get not only decimeters, but also centimeters. As an example, the scale shows a size of 3.48 m. Linear scales are used mainly in construction and topographical drawings.

Rice. 2. Scale chart

In design and production practice they often use proportional (angular) scale. It is a simple graph. Suppose you need to construct such a graph for a scale of 1:5. On a horizontal line from point A (Fig. 2) lay a segment equal to 100 mm; at point B, a right angle is constructed and a segment reduced by 5 times (100: 5 = 20 mm) is laid along its second side; connect the resulting point C to point A. The value of 12.8 mm, corresponding to 66 mm, is taken with a measuring compass directly from the graph, without calculating it or using a ruler. The graph is drawn on graph paper or on checkered paper.

For a scale of 1: 2.5, 40 mm are set aside on the continuation of the BC leg, for a scale of 1: 2-50 mm. The series of proportional scales shown in the figure is called a scale graph. Using it allows you to save a significant amount of time. Having constructed a scale graph, use it throughout the entire work on the drawing course.

INTERSTATE STANDARD

UNIFIED SYSTEM OF DESIGN DOCUMENTATION

SCALE

Moscow

INTERSTATE STANDARD

1. This standard establishes the scale of images and their designation on drawings of all industries and construction.

The standard does not apply to drawings obtained by photographing, as well as to illustrations in printed publications etc.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1, No. 2).

2a. In this standard, the following terms with corresponding definitions apply:

scale: The ratio of the linear size of a segment in a drawing to the corresponding linear size of the same segment in real life;

life scale: Scale with ratio 1:1;

zoom scale: A scale with a ratio greater than 1:1 (2:1, etc.);

reduction scale: A scale with a ratio less than 1:1 (1:2, etc.).

(Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 2).

2. The scales of images in the drawings must be selected from the following range:

Scale of reduction	1:2; 1:2,5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1:40; 1:50; 1:75; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000
Life size
Scale of increase	2:1; 2,5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1; 50:1; 100:1

3. When designing master plans for large objects, it is allowed to use a scale of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10000; 1:20000; 1:25000; 1:50000.

4. If necessary, it is allowed to use magnification scales (100 n):1, where n- an integer.

5. The scale indicated in the designated column of the title block of the drawing must be indicated as 1:1; 1:2; 2:1, etc.

The scale of a drawing is the ratio of its linear dimensions to the natural size of the depicted object. This makes it possible to judge the parameters of the object under consideration. enjoy natural sizes when drawing up a drawing it is not always possible. There are several reasons for this:

Some details are too large to be fully displayed on paper.
Other mechanisms or objects, on the contrary, are not large enough to be displayed. An example is a watch, the internal mechanism of which cannot physically be displayed on paper in real size.

In such cases, images are drawn reduced or enlarged.

Standard scales

The scale of reduction includes:

1:2,5,
1:10,
1:15,
1:20,
1:25,
1:50.
1:75.

The first number indicates that the image scale is half the size of the object. In the case when the part or mechanism is small, other designations are used: 2:1, 2.5:1, 5:1, 10:1. Also, magnification is made by 20, 40, 50 and 100 times.

How to determine scale

To correctly determine the scale of drawings according to GOST, you need to know the parameters of the part or mechanism. If the object is large, then you can reduce it by dividing by the numbers presented. An example would be doubling the size. If a part, reduced by half, will fit on a sheet of drawing paper, then the scale is 1:2.

Any object that needs to be depicted can be measured using standard methods(using a ruler, for example) and then transfer them to paper. The same thing happens when creating something based on a drawing. According to the specified scale, the exact dimensions are determined.

Mainly drawings are used:

during construction,
when creating complex mechanisms,
during the development of parts.

Changing the size allows you to work on designing an object on a small surface of paper, which simplifies the process. If the scale of a certain section of the drawing is different (which happens during construction), then a symbol with the required number is placed next to it.

When creating drawings, many students make mistakes due to lack of experience and knowledge. To avoid this, just order the services of our company. Specialists will quickly complete the work, which will allow you to get a good estimate and see an example of a high-quality drawing. In addition, you can order coursework from us, thesis or an abstract, which will be completed strictly within the agreed time frame.

Why is it necessary to follow GOST

The document regulating the application of inscriptions, tables, as well as technical requirements, highlights the rules by which each drawing is drawn up in accordance with certain standards. This helps create graphical information that is understandable to any engineer or builder who uses it in their professional activities.

Careful reading of the documents will allow you to correctly present the information and scale of the drawings. GOST 2.302-68*contains the following rules:

Additional text is only created if presenting graphical information is not practical.
Everything that is on the drawing must be written in a concise form.
Each inscription should be displayed parallel to the main one.
If abbreviations of words are not generally accepted, their presence is unacceptable.
Only short inscriptions are used around the images, which cannot interfere with reading the drawing.
If the leader line is directed to the surface of the part, then it should end with an arrow, and if it intersects the contour and does not point to a specific place, its end is drawn with a dot.
Subject to availability large quantity The information that needs to be indicated next to the drawing is enclosed in a frame.
If there are tables, they are drawn up in empty space next to the image.
When using letters to designate drawing elements, they are written in alphabetical order no gaps.

Compliance with all these rules will allow you to create a drawing that meets all requirements and therefore will be convenient for use.

This is the relationship between the natural dimensions of an object or object to the linear dimensions of the one depicted in the drawing. The scales of drawings can be expressed in numbers, in which case they are called numerical scales and graphically linear scales.

The numerical scale is indicated by a fraction and shows the factor of reduction and increase in the size of the depicted objects in the drawing. Depending on the purpose of the drawings and also on the complexity of the shapes of the depicted objects and structures in the drawing, the following scales are used when drawing up drawing documents:

Decreases 1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1: 10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1: 40; 1:50; 1:75; 1: 100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000;

Increases: 2:1; 2.5:1;4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1; 50:1; 100:1;

Life-size image 1:1. In the process of designing master plans for large objects, the following scales are used: 1:2000; 1: 5000; 1:10000; 1:20000; 1: 25000; 1:50000 .

If the drawing is made on the same scale, then its value is indicated in the title block of the drawing according to the 1:1 type; 1:2; 1:100 and so on. If any image in the drawing is made in a scale that differs from the indicated scale in the main inscription of the drawing, then in this case indicate a scale of type M 1: 1; M1:2 and so on under the corresponding image name.

When compiling construction drawings and using a numerical scale, it is necessary to make calculations to determine the size of the line segments that are drawn on the drawing. For example, if the length of the depicted object is 4000 millimeters, and the numerical scale is 1: 50, in order to calculate the length of the segment in the drawing, it is necessary to divide 4000 millimeters by (degree of reduction) 50, and put the resulting value of 80 millimeters on the drawing.

To reduce calculations use scale ruler or build a linear scale (see Figure 4 a) on a numerical scale of 1:50. At the beginning, draw a straight line in the drawing and mark the base of the scale on it several times. The scale base is a value that is obtained by dividing the unit of measurement adopted in this case (1 m = 1000 mm) by the reduction size 1000:50 = 20 millimeters.

On the left side, the first segment is divided into several equal parts, so that each division corresponds to an integer. If you divide this segment into ten equal parts, then each division will correspond to 0.1 meters, if you divide it into five parts, then 0.2 meters.

In order to use the constructed linear scale, for example, to take the size of 4650 millimeters, you need to place one leg of the measuring compass at four meters, and the other at the sixth and a half fractional division to the left of zero. In cases where the accuracy is insufficient, a transverse scale is used.

Scales of drawings - transverse and angular (proportional)

The transverse scale allows you to determine the size with a certain error. The error can be up to hundredths of the basic unit of measurement. Figure 4b shows an example of determining a size equal to 4.65 m. Hundredths are taken on the vertical segment and tenths on the horizontal.

In the case when an arbitrary scale is used and it is necessary to construct a reduced or enlarged image of an object made according to a given drawing format, an angular scale is used, or as it is also called proportional. The angular scale can be constructed in the form right triangle.

The ratio of the legs of such a right triangle is equal to the multiplicity of the image scale (h: H). If necessary, change the image scale using an angular scale, using only abstract values and without calculating the dimensions of the depicted object. For example, when it is necessary to depict a given drawing on an enlarged scale.

For this we build a right triangle (see Figure 4 c) ABC. In such a triangle, the vertical leg BC is equal to a segment of some straight line, which is taken in a given drawing. The horizontal leg AB is equal to the length of the segment on the scale of the enlarged drawing. In order to enlarge the desired segment of a straight line in a given drawing, for example, segment h, you need to lay it parallel to the leg BC of the angular scale (vertically), between the hypotenuse AC and the leg AB.

In this case, the increased size of the desired segment will be equal to the size H taken (horizontally) on the AB side of the angular scale. The angular scale is also used when converting quantities from one numerical scale to another.

Scale is the ratio of the linear dimensions of an image in a drawing to its actual dimensions.

The scale of images and their designation in drawings is established by GOST 2.302-68 (Table 5.3). The scale indicated in the designated column of the title block of the drawing should be indicated as 1:1; 1:2; 1:4; 2:1; 5:1; etc.

Table 5.3 – Drawing scales

When designing master plans for large objects, it is allowed to use a scale of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10000; 1:20000; 1:25000; 1:50000.

5.3 Main inscription.

Each sheet is decorated with a frame, the lines of which are spaced from three sides of the format by 5 mm from the left side by 20 mm. The main inscription in accordance with GOST 2.104-68 is placed on the frame line in the lower right corner of the format. On A4 sheets, the main inscription is placed only along the short side. The type and thickness of lines in drawings, diagrams and graphs must comply with GOST 2.303-68. Drawings of the project design documentation are made in pencil. Schemes, graphs, and tables may be made in black ink (paste). All inscriptions on the drawing field, dimensional numbers, and filling in the main inscription are made only in drawing font in accordance with GOST 2.304-81.

Thematic headings are not shown on the sheets, since the name of the contents of the sheet is indicated in the main inscription. In cases where a sheet with one inscription contains several independent images (poster material), individual images or parts of text are provided with headings.

The main inscription on the first sheets of drawings and diagrams must correspond to Form 1, in text design documents - Form 2 and Form 2a on subsequent sheets. It is allowed to use Form 2a on subsequent sheets of drawings and diagrams.

The corner inscription for drawings and diagrams is located in accordance with Figure 5.1. Filled by rotating the sheet 180 o or 90 o.

Figure 5.1–Location of title block on various drawings

In the columns of the title block, Figures 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, indicate:

– in column 1 – name of the product or its component: name of the graph or diagram, as well as the name of the document, if this document is assigned a code. The name must be short and written in the nominative singular case. If it consists of several words, then a noun is placed in the first place, for example: “Threshing drum”, “Safety clutch”, etc. It is allowed to write in this column the name of the contents of the sheet in the order accepted in the technical literature, for example: “Economic indicators”, “Technological map”, etc.;

– in column 2 – designation of the document (drawing, graphics, diagram, specification, etc.);

– in column 3 – designation of the material (the column is filled in only on drawings of parts). The designation includes the name, brand and standard or specification of the material. If the brand of a material contains its abbreviated name “St”, “SCh”, then the name of this material is not indicated.

Figure 5.2 – Form No. 1

Figure 5.3 – Form No. 2

Figure 5.4 – Form No. 2a

Examples of recording material:

– SCh 25 GOST 1412-85 (gray cast iron, 250 - tensile strength in MPa);

– KCh 30-6 GOST 1215-79 (malleable cast iron, 300 - tensile strength in MPa, 6 - relative elongation in%);

– HF 60 GOST 7293-85 (high-strength cast iron, 600 - tensile strength in MPa);

– St 3 GOST 380-94 (carbon steel of ordinary quality, 3- serial number steel);

– Steel 20 GOST 1050-88 (carbon steel, high-quality structural, 20 - carbon content in hundredths of a percent);

– Steel 30 KhNZA GOST 4543-71 (alloy structural steel, 30 - carbon content in hundredths of a percent, chromium no more than 1.5%, nickel 3%, A - high quality);

– Steel U8G GOST 1425-90 (tool carbon steel, 8 - carbon content in tenths of a percent; G - increased manganese content);

– Br04Ts4S17 GOST 613-79 (deformable bronze, O-tin 4%, C-zinc 4%, C-lead 17%);

– BrA9Mts2 GOST 18175-78 (tin-free bronze , processed by pressure, A- aluminum 9%, manganese 2%);

– LTs38Mts2S2 GOST 17711-93 (cast brass, zinc 38%, manganese 2%, lead 2%);

– AL2 GOST 1583-89 (casting aluminum alloy, 2-order alloy number);

– AK4M2TS6 GOST 1583-93 (cast aluminum alloy, silicon 4%, copper 2%, zinc 6%);

– AMts GOST 4784-74 (deformable aluminum alloy, manganese 1.0...1.6%,).

When manufacturing parts from the assortment:

- Square

(from a square profile bar with a square side size of 40 mm according to GOST 2591-88, steel grade 20 according to GOST 1050-88);

– Hexagon

(made of hot-rolled steel with a hexagonal profile in accordance with GOST 2579-88 of normal rolling accuracy, with the size of an inscribed circle - turnkey size - 22 mm, steel grade 25 in accordance with GOST 1050-88);

(hot-rolled round steel of normal rolling accuracy with a diameter of 20 mm in accordance with GOST 2590-88, steel grade St 3 in accordance with GOST 380-94, supplied in accordance with the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);

– Strip

(strip steel 10 mm thick, 70 mm wide according to GOST 103-76, steel grade St 3 according to GOST 380-94, supplied according to the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);

– Corner

(angular equal-flange steel 50x3 mm in size according to GOST 8509-86, steel grade St 3 according to GOST 380-94, standard rolling accuracy B, supplied according to the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);

– I-beam

(hot-rolled I-beam number 30 in accordance with GOST 8239-89 of increased accuracy (B), steel grade St 5 in accordance with GOST 380-94, supplied in accordance with the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);

– Pipe 20x2.8 GOST 3262-75 (ordinary non-galvanized pipe of standard manufacturing precision, of unmeasured length, with a nominal bore of 20 mm, a wall thickness of 2.8 mm, without threads and without a coupling);

– Pipe Ts-R-20x2.8 – 6000 GOST 3262-75 (zinc-coated pipe with increased manufacturing precision, measured length 6000 mm, nominal bore 20 mm, with thread);

(seamless steel pipe of standard manufacturing precision according to GOST 8732-78, with an outer diameter of 70 mm, a wall thickness of 3.5 mm, a length multiple of 1250 mm, steel grade 10, manufactured according to group B of GOST 8731-87);

(seamless steel pipe in accordance with GOST 8732-78 with an internal diameter of 70 mm, wall thickness 16 mm, unmeasured length, steel grade 20, category 1, manufactured according to group A, GOST 8731-87);

– Column 4 – letter assigned to this document according to GOST 2.103-68 depending on the nature of the work in the form of a project. The column is filled in from the left cell:

–U – educational document;

–DP – documentation of the diploma project;

–DR – documentation of the thesis;

–KP – course project documentation;

–KR – documentation of course work;

– Column 5 – product weight (in kg) according to GOST 2.110-95; on drawings of parts and assembly drawings indicate the theoretical or actual mass of the product (in kg) without indicating units of measurement.

It is allowed to indicate the mass in other units of measurement indicating them, for example, 0.25 g, 15 t.

In drawings made on several sheets, the mass is indicated only on the first.

On dimensional and installation drawings, as well as on drawings of parts of prototypes and individual production, it is allowed not to indicate the mass;

– Column 6 – scale (indicated in accordance with GOST 2.302-68).

If the assembly drawing is made on two or more sheets and the images on individual sheets are made on a scale different from that indicated in the title block of the first sheet, column 6 of the title block on these sheets is not filled out;

– Column 7 – serial number of the sheet (on documents consisting of one sheet, the column is not filled in).

Column 8 – the total number of sheets of the document (the column is filled out only on the first sheet).

Column 9 - the name or distinctive index of the enterprise issuing the document (since the department in which the diploma project is being carried out is encrypted in column 2 - designation of the document, in this column it is necessary to enter the name of the institute and the group code). For example: “PGSHA gr. To-51";

– Column 10 – the nature of the work performed by the person signing the document. In the diploma project, the column is filled in starting from the top line with the following abbreviations:

– “Developer”;

– “Consult.”;

- “Hand. etc.";

- “Head. cafe";

- “N.cont.”

– Column 11 – surname of the persons who signed the document;

– Column 12 – signatures of persons whose names are indicated in column 2. Signatures of the persons who developed this document and are responsible for standard control are mandatory;

– Box 13 – date of signing of the document;

Machines and some of their parts, buildings and their parts are large, so it is not possible to draw them in full size. Their images have to be drawn in. The smallest details of watches and other mechanisms have to be drawn, on the contrary, on an enlarged scale.

In all cases where possible, details should be drawn in actual size, i.e. on a scale of 1:1.

After defining the page parameters, the program defaulted to displaying a program view containing all the model space occupied by the model - below.

Before we start working with viewports, it's a good idea to insert a drawing format to see how much space we have. Of course, you need to do something first to insert something.

Please note that the drawing format is too large for the specific page layout - to ensure the layout is not sized correctly, you must measure it.

Note that the form was inserted as a block, so just point it anywhere and everything will be highlighted.

Reducing or enlarging images any number of times is not permitted. GOST 2.302-68 establishes the following reduction scales: 1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1:40; 1:50; 1:75; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000. When drawing up master plans for large objects, it is allowed to use a scale of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10,000; 1:20,000; 1:25,000; 1:50,000. Magnification scales are written as a ratio to unity; The standard establishes the following magnification scales: 2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1, 50:1; 100:1. If necessary, it is allowed to use magnification scales (100l): 1, where n is an integer. In cases where the full word “scale” is not included in the entry, the letter M is placed before the scale designation, for example they write: M 1:2 (reduction scale), M 2:1 (increase scale). In Fig. 1 rectangular washer is depicted in three scales: life-size (M 1:1), reduced scale and enlarged scale. The linear dimensions of the last image are four times larger than the middle one, and the area occupied by the image is sixteen times larger. Such a sharp change in image size should be taken into account when choosing the scale of the drawing.

As a result of this simple operation, a drawing format was created. Contains tools for determining the size of objects. It is good to review the size of the operation as shown below.

As you can see in the picture below, the defined paper area and print area do not overlap with the drawing format.

Now that the page settings are as expected, you can begin “layouting” the drawing, that is, arranging projections, details, and adding comments to the drawing. During design, it is important to be aware that design elements will be subject to changes over time due to, for example, changes in shape or material resulting from e.g. technological changes, modernization caused by better adaptation to the market, etc. which should be inserted in the same way as the drawing format - picture below.

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Rice. 1. Comparison of different scales. Linear scales

In addition to numerical scales, linear scales are used in drawing. Linear scales There are two types: simple and transverse (Fig. 1). A simple linear scale, corresponding to a numerical scale of 1: 100, is a line on which, from the zero division, centimeter divisions are laid out to the right, and one of the same divisions, divided into millimeters, to the left. Each centimeter division of the linear scale corresponds to 100 cm (or 1 m). Each millimeter division corresponds, obviously, to one decimeter. Having taken any size from the drawing with a meter, place one needle on the corresponding full division to the right of zero, on -
example for division 3. Then the second needle will show how many decimeters over 3 m the measured size has. In this case it is equal to 3.4 m.

Now you can start working with viewports.

Note that the viewport frame has changed from thin to thick, which means you can edit model space from paper space. The actions that can be performed here are no different from those in model space, and most importantly, changes made here are reflected in model space.

As you can see, this is not possible because both the drawing table and the revision table take up too much space. In this case, resize the viewport to a smaller size or insert more large format drawing.

Now that the main view and its cross section are obtained by intersecting the drawn object represented by the cutting line.

The advantages of a simple linear scale over a regular ruler are as follows:

it is always on the drawing;
gives more accurate readings, since the dimensions in the drawing are plotted, as a rule, according to a given linear scale;
After photographing the drawing, the scale, decreasing proportionally, makes it possible to obtain dimensions without constructing a proportional scale.

The result of the above operation is an indeterminate viewport that shows everything drawn in model space - in the image below.

Please note that there are currently two viewports in the drawing, only one of which is active, i.e. one where the model space can be edited. It can be recognized by the bold frame, and the mouse cursor that is located above it is a crosshair with a "viewfinder" selection - the cursor located above the inactive darts is an arrow - picture below.

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Rice. 2. Scale chart

You can change the inactive rollover to active in a very simple way - just hover over the cursor and left click. Intentionally inserted, as shown in previous chapters, has a default rectangle shape. However, there is nothing stopping you from defining your own shape.

However, when the ellipse is specified in the Properties window, there is no scale factor option - in the image below.

When creating the layer, the viewfinder was set to a thickness of 0.5, which was not the best because it lost one of the characteristics of the active viewport - bold. The thickness of the frame is not important, because the layer can be hidden or blocked before printing - this is only for operating comfort.

Of course, this element can be manually copied by removing unnecessary elements from it, but it can also save you valuable time.

The effect above is a viewport in which the only visible layer is the outline layer - picture below.

When talking about text on drawings, it is generally considered that drawing comments, assembled by the designer in the form of compact point descriptions, complement the as-built drawing of information that cannot be conveyed in the form of symbols or symbols. These comments are usually placed above the drawing table, although this is not a strict rule and in the absence of space - in any free space of the drawing form, of course, so as not to reduce the readability of the drawing.

Decreases 1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1: 10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1: 40; 1:50; 1:75; 1: 100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000;

Completing the drawing table is one of the last steps to create an as-built drawing. The layout of the lugs and their resins have already been determined, the material from which the part is made is known, and this figure will be checked and verified - in a word, all the data necessary to complete it is known. Of course this is not a rule, the table may be populated at the beginning, but then almost certainly some data will change and you will have to remember to view and update the entire table, and often it will not be remembered.

Increases: 2:1; 2.5:1;4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1; 50:1; 100:1;

Life-size image 1:1. In the process of designing master plans for large objects, the following scales are used: 1:2000; 1: 5000; 1:10000; 1:20000; 1: 25000; 1:50000 .

When drawing up construction drawings and using a numerical scale, it is necessary to make calculations to determine the size of the line segments that are drawn on the drawing. For example, if the length of the depicted object is 4000 millimeters, and the numerical scale is 1: 50, in order to calculate the length of the segment in the drawing, it is necessary to divide 4000 millimeters by (degree of reduction) 50, and put the resulting value of 80 millimeters on the drawing.

In order to reduce calculations, use a scale bar or construct a linear scale (see Figure 4 a) on a numerical scale of 1:50. At the beginning, draw a straight line in the drawing and mark the base of the scale on it several times. The scale base is a value that is obtained by dividing the unit of measurement adopted in this case (1 m = 1000 mm) by the reduction size 1000:50 = 20 millimeters.

Scales of drawings - transverse and angular (proportional)

Rice. 26. Part drawing without dimensions

Obviously, this cannot be done, since there are no dimensions.

Drawing dimensions on drawings is a very important operation that significantly affects the ease of reading the drawing.

Rules for applying dimensions are established by standards ESKD (GOST 2.307-68).

When applying dimensions, use conventional signs– S (thickness), ø (diameter), R (radius),  (square).

Sizes available linear and angular. Linear dimensions indicate the length, width, height, thickness, diameter or radius of the part being measured. Angular dimension denotes the size of the angle.

Linear dimensions in the drawings are indicated in millimeters, but the unit of measurement is not indicated.

Angular dimensions indicated in degrees, minutes and seconds with the designation of the unit of measurement.

The number of dimensions in the drawing should be minimal, but sufficient for the manufacture and control of the product.

To apply dimensions use remote And dimension lines, which are drawn with a continuous thin line.

Leader lines- lines that indicate size.

Dimension lines– the lines on which the size is placed ends with arrows at both ends. The arrows must touch the extension lines; the shape of the arrow is shown in Fig. 27.

Rice. 27. Arrow shape

The dimension line is always drawn parallel to the contour line of the part of the part whose size it defines and perpendicular to the extension lines. If the size is less than 12 mm, then the arrows are placed outside, and if more than 12 mm, then inside (Fig. 28). The dimension line is 10 mm away from the contour of the part drawing, the distance between parallel dimension lines must be at least 7-10 mm.

Extension lines extend beyond the ends of the arrows of the dimension line by 1-5 mm. The size is placed above the size line, closer to its middle.

Rice. 28. Examples of sizing

With a vertical dimension line, the dimension number is written to the left of it.

The same size is placed in the drawing only once.

First, the smaller size is taken out, and then the larger one. In the drawing, dimension lines should not intersect.

When specifying the size of an angle, the dimension line is drawn in the form of a circular arc with the center at the vertex of the angle.

Diameter sign is placed in front of the dimension number if the circle is drawn completely. The dimension line is drawn through the center of the circle. If the part has several identical holes, then the size is set once, indicating the number of holes (see Fig. 28).

Radius sign is placed when part of a circle is drawn, the dimension line is drawn from the center of the arc.

You should remember the basic concepts:

1) element sizes – dimensions of cutouts, protrusions, holes, grooves;

2) coordinating sizes – dimensions showing the location of the elements relative to the contour of the part and each other;

3) overall dimensions – the largest dimensions of the part in length, height, width.

In drawing practice, you have to draw images of very large parts (machine tools, ships, cars) and very small ones (clock mechanisms, precision instruments).

Is it possible to depict them in life size? Of course, it’s impossible, so large objects are depicted reduced, and small ones - enlarged, i.e. apply scale
(Fig. 29).

Rice. 29. Scale designation in the drawing

Scale– the ratio of the linear dimensions of the image of an object to its actual dimensions.

The scale of images and their designation are established by the standard (GOST 2.302-68).

natural size – 1:1(one to one);

reduction scale – 1:2; 1:25;1:4;1:5; 1:10; 1:15;

magnification scale – 2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 15:1.

The scale is indicated by the letter M on the drawing field, for example M 1:2. The letter M is not placed in the main inscription. Whatever the scale of the drawing, the actual dimensions are always indicated.

Sometimes you have to determine the scale at which an object is drawn. In this case, they do this: determine the size of the side (for example, A) using a measuring ruler, it is equal to 50 mm. The actual length of the segment indicated in the drawing is 100 mm. Consequently, the scale is determined as the quotient of dividing 50 by 100 and is equal to 1:2 (Fig. 30).

Rice. 30. Determining the scale of a part in a drawing

Every computer graphics program has a Loupe tool. It allows you to instantly change the scale of an image (drawing, picture), increasing (decreasing) it to the desired size (Fig. 31).

Rice. 31. Using scale in computer programs with the Loupe tool

Drawing font

In a wide variety of fields of science, technology, and design, people use fonts to write letters, numbers, symbols and other symbols.

Font– a method of encoding text information.

Each type of graphic activity is characterized by certain fonts. In many cases, artistic elements (decorations) are added to the font, giving it greater expressiveness.

The main types of fonts that were most often used throughout historical development written culture of mankind are presented in Fig. 32.

Rice. 32. Types of font

Computer fonts are popular these days. All inscriptions on the drawings are made in drawing font - GOST 2.304-81.

GOST sets the following font numbers: 1.8 (not recommended, but allowed); 2.5;3.5;5;7;10, as well as the height, width of letters and the distance between letters.

For drawings made in A4 format, the following font numbers are recommended: 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7. The standard establishes two types of font - uppercase (capital letters) and lowercase. By design, uppercase and lowercase letters can be divided into three groups (Fig. 33).

Rice. 33. Drawing font

Capital letters:

Group 1 – G, P, N, T, E, C, Sh, Shch;

Group 2 – I, X, K, F, M, A, L, D;

Group 3 – Ch, U, B, V, R, Z, O, S, E, Y, F, S, L, Ъ.

Lowercase letters:

Group 1 – p, y, c, t, w, sch, i;

Group 2 – o, a, b, c, d, y, r, f, s;

Group 3 – f, b, i, g, g, h, j, l, m, n, x, h.

According to their proportions, they can be divided into wide and narrow: wide capitals - Ш, Ш, Ж, Ю, И, Ф; wide lowercase - t, sh, shch, yu, ы, m. The letters of the drawing font are written in a simplified form. The capital font number corresponds to the height of the letters, and the width corresponds to the smaller previous number, for example, font number 7, the height of the letters is 7, the width of the letters is 5. The width of wide letters corresponds to the height. The distance between letters is 2 mm.

Height lowercase letters corresponds to the lower previous number of the font, and the width corresponds to the next previous number, for example, font number 7, the height of the letters is 5, the width is 3.5, the width of wide letters corresponds to the height of the letters. The distance between letters is 1.5 mm.

For correct execution letters at the initial stage use a grid.

The main inscription is filled in font No. 3.5; the title of the drawing is in font No. 7 or No. 5 (Fig. 34).

Rice. 34. Sample of filling out the title block

Remember, the stitches do not touch the frame line.

This article covers the main questions about how to How to make a drawing, scale of drawings, design of drawings, etc.

The problem of drawing up a drawing on their own often arises among initial-year students studying in technological specialties or receiving education in the field artistic design or those design. The rules that must be followed when creating drawing works are recorded in Gosstandart. Anyone who receives education in these areas should know and adhere to them. However, Gosstandart rules were issued for industrial applications, therefore, in drawings, sometimes small deviations from established standards are acceptable.

Paper sheet formats and frames for them

Any drawing is drawn up on a sheet of paper of a standardized size, limited by a frame. Such a frame is applied by drawing a line of medium thickness along the markings marked on the sheet.

For drawings of different formats, certain dimensions of the frames outlined in them are established:

A0 format contains a frame measuring 1189 x 841 mm
A1 format – 594 x 841 mm
A2 format – 594 x 420 mm
A3 format – 297 x 420 mm
A4 format – 297 x 210 mm

Each smaller drawing is obtained by halving the values of the previous format.

Title block of the drawing

The inscription on the drawing is located in the corner located on the right. It states:

Title of drawing work
The material from which this part is made
The company that manufactures the part

When using A4 format, the main inscription is placed on the smallest side. If the format used is larger than A4, then the inscription can be placed on either side.

Initial data for the drawing and working with it

To do simple drawing, you can either depict the detail, which in the future will be depicted by the drawing, on paper, in the form of a drawing in three projections, or have it before your eyes in the original.

When depicting a part in the form of a three-dimensional drawing, it is useful to:

First practice on simple objects– notebook, book, plate – closing your eyes, try to imagine their volume and outline
Try to display on a piece of paper what you presented and compare the result with the original
Make corrections to parts of the resulting drawing that do not correspond to its original - it is possible that the proportions or its dimensions are not observed
Try to “decompose” a drawing depicted in space into its component projections along the coordinate axes imagined
Draw on the drawing all the dimensions required for someone else to make the item.

If the successive steps of the above algorithm were performed correctly, then the copy of the original depicted on paper will correspond to it. If their similarity was not obtained, adjustments will need to be made to the dimensional chains.

A dimensional chain is the total size of a certain part of an image of an object applied to paper, which cannot be distorted up or down. Of course, depending on what goal you are pursuing when depicting an object in a drawing, the accuracy of the dimensions may vary. For example, for domestic purposes, it sometimes deviates within one to one and a half millimeters, and this is often acceptable. In technical drawing, dimensional chains are established taking into account various factors.

What is needed to “measure” a drawing?

The correct creation of a drawing is not only about observing the external similarity of what is applied to whatman paper or recreated in computer program images with a real object. For technical purposes, it is necessary that all dimensions of the image match the original. In this regard, the concept of accuracy tolerance was introduced.

Dimensional tolerances indicated in technical drawings are indicated taking into account the articulation of two adjacent parts with each other. Developed the whole system tolerances, taking into account how parts interact with each other (moving or stationary interaction), as well as the nature of probable movements during their assembly or disassembly (often, rarely, always, never) and so on.

How to learn to read drawings?

Drawings are 2-dimensional architectural schematic sketches that show the size of a building's design. For materials that will be used in construction. Learning to read blueprints is important for builders and anyone who hires architects to draw them.

Spatial imagination training

Standard drawings usually have three projections of an object in which the coordinate points X, Y, Z are located on the axis. However, with their composition, the scaling remains and the same is set for all.

It is human nature to observe each object or detail in geometric isometry from a certain angle of view. This often happens in the branches of mechanical engineering drawing, and in the design development of objects of artistic and technical design. Therefore, it is worth presenting the drawing object as flat in a certain projection.

And an additional detail is the projection connection of different images of the drawing object. If all the elements of both configurations are built incorrectly with scale distortions, which will lead to a discrepancy between the copy of the drawing and the originals. Therefore, it is worth following a number of rules in the process of drawing up a projection:

Measurements are carried out using a ruler - for simple ones, with a caliper or micrometer - for complex parts, for all dimensional elements. Establish their relative position for each of the projections of the part. Compare the results obtained with a real image of the part. With bug fixes. Final distance measurements are taken on the original object or its mock-up drawing. If all the data is correct and matches, then the diagrams and drawings were read correctly.

How to apply dimensions correctly?

It doesn’t matter what scale the drawings are made, all attention is paid to the base of the part and its dimensions. When writing a certain number, the unit of measurement, which is standard, is not shown. To indicate the parameters of the part, a dimensional trajectory is drawn with a number located on it. It is drawn parallel to the part segment and is limited by arrows. The minimum distance between the dimension line and the contour of the part is 10 mm.

How can I get help acquiring independent technical graphics skills? To master the skills of reading drawing tables, it is necessary to conduct a training course and practical work. Carry out simple repairs household appliances, for the production of new and old element parts. In this case, it is also necessary to make primitive drawings.

Learn how to read blueprints correctly and then learn how to represent flat picture in the drawing in three-dimensional form. The skills of reading drawings help to competently produce all kinds of objects, assemble them from components, the final product, obtain the entire apparatus, models and much more.

Types of formats

The format of the sheet with the drawing is determined by the length of the line drawn on the edge of the sheet. The internal ones are made with distances of 2 cm from the left side and 5 mm from the others. It is worth adhering to the exact calculations of the drawing so that when reading them there is no disagreement about what the part looks like.

Drawing frame formats are divided into main and additional directions. The first type included all the resulting schemes by halving the lines from point A0. The dimensions for drawing A1 are carried out so that when the largest axis is divided into two, a rectangle similar to the original sample is obtained. The designation of standard formats consists of a letter and a number from one to five.

Automatic drawing creation

The first place was taken by those drawings made using computer-aided design programs. For different designs and details. This applies to two systems - Auto-cad and Compass. They involve reading drawings of a different type. And the image of the entire node is set. And then the parts included in the assembly unit are designed. Thanks to their work with entire libraries of source data. After all, they include profile normalized and standardized elements. Using it in work, the developer is able to insert a fragment into a workpiece, controlling individual parameters, and adapt the drawing to new source data.

Drawing scales

Necessary requirements and features. Let's start with the fact that scale is the ratio of the linear dimensions of the image depicted on a drawing or map to its actual size on the ground or object. Its use greatly facilitates the preparation of maps and drawings, because it is not always convenient and possible to depict an object in its natural size. There are details with large sizes, which do not allow them to be drawn on paper, and it happens that the detail is very small and in order to display it on paper with all the nuances, you have to significantly increase its size. In the presented cases, zoom out and zoom in are used.

Standard scales

Several common reduction scales:

1:2,5

For example, the scaling option is 1:4. Number, coming first- one, denotes the actual dimensional characteristics of the object, while the second number, in this case, four, denotes how many times these actual dimensions have been reduced. When depicting very small object a scale increase is used, and it is indicated as follows: 2:1; 2.5:1; 50:1. With this option, in order to find out the actual dimensions of the object, it is necessary to divide the dimensions indicated in the drawing by the first number reflected in the scale.

How to determine the scale?

In order to depict an object or detail on a sheet of paper, first you need to find out its true dimensions. This can be done by taking measurements of the object depicted in the drawing using a ruler, and only then figuring out how much its actual dimensions should be reduced or increased when drawing its image on a sheet of paper. Drawings are mostly used in construction and in the development of parts and structures. The use of scaling allows designers and constructors to depict on a sheet of paper both a huge building and a smaller exact copy of an airplane.

How to choose the right one and, most importantly, correct scale when working with drawings? Most inexperienced people, when faced with such a question, tend to make quite a few mistakes. However, this can be avoided through experience gained over time, or you can seek help from a teacher.

Why is it necessary to follow the rules?

When drawing up drawings and diagrams, it is necessary to follow certain standards reflected in GOST - a document that contains generally accepted rules for drawing images, inscriptions, tables and technical requirements. With the help of these rules, any specialist who knows how to read drawings can read a correctly completed drawing. This greatly facilitates communication, during construction and production of parts, between designers and workers carrying out the task according to the drawing. In addition to the scale, other information relating to the subject is also included on the drawing. You should know the basic rules for drawing up drawings and diagrams:

If graphic information is inappropriate, add additional text
Any inscription on the drawing is written in abbreviation
Additional inscriptions are applied parallel to the main one
Words that cannot be abbreviated are not included in the drawing work.
Any inscription should not clutter the image and, moreover, interfere with reading the diagram
When we want to make a leader from the surface of a part, the leader line must end with an arrow. And in the case when the outline of a part is indicated, a dot is placed at the end of the line
A large amount of information on the diagram must be placed in a frame
Tables in the drawing are placed next to the image of the part itself, in a space free from the drawing
If we designate the elements of a part with letters, then we use them strictly in alphabetical order without gaps

If you use all the rules presented above, you can create a truly high-quality drawing work that any specialist will be able to read.

Design of drawings

The process of preparing any work required for certification in construction, design and architectural specialties studied at higher educational institutions, involves the production of drawings. Making a drawing is quite difficult simple task. Its creation must be carried out taking into account compliance certain rules. In addition, any drawing work must be prepared on sheets of a certain size.

The nuances of using different formats

The drawing format is limited by the scope of the work, which is drawn on the sheet with a line of minimum thickness.

The completed work allows students to take into account the dimensions of all formats used in the work. By dividing the work into two parts, a drawing is drawn up containing the following characteristics:

Dimensions of the sides of the drawing – 841 x 1189 millimeters
The total sheet area is one square meter
Format of completed work A0

For other drawing formats, the rules also set the parameters for the dimensions of their sides:

For A4 format – 210 x 297 millimeters
For A3 format – 297 x 470 millimeters
For A2 format – 420 x 594 millimeters
For A1 format – 594 x 841 millimeters

Also, according to GOST, the possibility of using other formats used as a supplement to the drawings produced by students, which are formed as a result of working on changing the basic parameters upward, should be taken into account. At the same time, to create them, a value that is a multiple of the sizes used in the basic formats is used, and the coefficient of the changes made must necessarily be an integer.

Before you start looking at standard drawing scales, you should understand what exactly this concept is. So, such a value is, in general, the ratio of two linear dimensions. However, this interpretation is more widely known this definition, as the ratio of the size of the drawing to the dimensions of the real object. Therefore, we can quite rightly assume that the above term has found wide application in cartography, geodesy and, of course, design.

Why is this necessary?

As mentioned earlier, real objects can have both quite significant sizes and very small ones. However, a person cannot draw everything in full size, since to display it on a sheet of paper would require a canvas of colossal dimensions, and, in turn, to recreate small elements (as, for example, in a clock mechanism) would require high degree detailing. As a result, a person has adapted to depict the necessary objects, which are reduced (or enlarged) by a certain number of times for ease of perception and the so-called “readability” of the drawing. Currently, certain standards are in force, for example, GOST "Scales of drawings", which describe all the requirements for the type and content of the corresponding images.

Large objects

As mentioned earlier, to display buildings and other large objects, it is necessary to use the scale of the so-called reduction drawings. They are standardized, which means a random sample will not work. The most common values are: 1: 2; 2.5; 4; 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 40; 50; 75; 100; 200; 400; 500; 800; 1000. Let's consider what a record of this type means. So, the real (in other words, natural) dimension of any object is expressed in the form of an inscription 1: 1. Consequently, when reduced, the scales of the drawings first describe the original size (1), and then a number that shows how many times the drawing is reduced in relation to actual dimensions. In construction, in addition to the above standard records, 1:2000 indicators may also be used; 5000; 10,000; 20,000; 25,000; 50,000.

Small details

If it is necessary to depict small objects in the drawing, then the scale of enlarged drawings is traditionally used. In this case, there is not such a wide variety of values, but the standard specifies the most commonly used values. So, the typical series looks like this: 2; 2.5; 4; 5; 10; 20; 40; 50; 100: 1. The decoding of such inscriptions reads like this: first, a number indicating how many times the image in the drawing is enlarged compared to the original object. The second digit after the colon displays the real (also known as natural or real) size of the object in question (it is taken equal to 1).

Conclusion

This article examined the scale of the drawings and their standard rows. It should also be noted that on the plans, projects and images themselves, the scale value is indicated in a specially designated box in a frame, otherwise called a stamp.