Addition. Direct and indirect objects in Russian

A sign or serving as its instrument. There is a distinction between direct and indirect objects. Direct the complement denotes the object directly involved in the action. Criteria for its selection in different languages are different. In is expressed accusative without, combined only with verbs. Depending on the nature of the action, such an object can be external (unchangeable): “buy a house”, “throw a stone”, and internal (resultative): “build a house”, “crush a stone”. A type of internal object is an object of content (“cognate addition,” figura etymologica), i.e., an object, as if extracted from the action itself: “think a thought,” “cry out a cry,” “grief grief.” An object denoting the subject of speech, thought, perception (“to report news”, “to plot a crime”, “to see a ship”) is called deliberative.

Indirect the addition is expressed by a noun in indirect cases with and without prepositions. Associated with the concept of indirect object is the idea of an object affected by an action not directly (cf. “report the news” and “... about the news”) and not completely, but partially (cf. “drink water” and “... water”) . The indirect object may also be associated with the idea of a smaller object (cf.: “wait for the train” as opposed to “wait for the train”) and of its peculiar activity (cf.: “be scared of the dog”, “be happy for your son”, where the object is specific stimulates the activity of the subject). In classical linguistics, the concept of indirect object covers various types of object meanings. In particular, there is a distinction between the objects at which the action is aimed (“ask for bread”, “to achieve success”) and from which it is sent or evaded (“to lose an inheritance”, “to avoid a quarrel”); recipient objects (“smile at a child”, “help a neighbor”); object-tools (“reap with a sickle”, “conquer with beauty”). In the structure of the utterance, all types of objects are in principle compatible and hierarchically ordered: “tell friends (O - addressee) the truth (deliberative direct O) about the war (deliberative indirect O) in the words of an eyewitness (weapon indirect O)”, and some objects are associated with the verb as the core of the message is more obligatory, others - less obligatory connection.

A type of addition is sometimes considered to be a member of a sentence, expressed and denoting a dependent verb feature (“hope to rest”, “promise to help”, “be afraid of making a mistake”, “convince to stay”). With an even broader understanding of the addition, it also includes various types of subordinate clauses associated with the main explanatory relations (“I want to be helped,” “I know that they will help me,” “I’m afraid I might make a mistake”). In school grammars, along with verbal additions, adjective additions are distinguished, which in most cases are derived from verbs, cf.: “read a book” and “reading a book”, “love the homeland” and “love for the homeland”, “thirst for glory” and “ thirst for glory”, “fill with content” and “filled with content”.

Shakhmatov A. A., Syntax of the Russian language, 2nd ed., Leningrad, 1941;
Grammar of the Russian language, vol. 2, part 1, M., 1954; M., 1960;
Peshkovsky A. M., Russian syntax in scientific coverage, 7th ed., M., 1956;
Jespersen O., Philosophy of Grammar, trans. from English, M., 1958;
Gabuchan K.V., Addition, in the book: Russian language. Encyclopedia, M., 1979.

I. N. Kruchinina.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. 1990 .

Synonyms:

Antonyms:

See what “Addition” is in other dictionaries:

ADDITION- ADDENDUM, additions, cf. (book). 1. Action under Ch. complement complement. He was involved in adding and correcting old articles for the collection. || A part added to clarify or correct what was previously written. In the new circular... ... Dictionary Ushakova

addition- See addition, addition in addition... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. addition augmentation, replenishment, addition, addition, additive, allowance, increase, ... ... Dictionary of synonyms

ADDITION- a minor member of a sentence, expressing the relationship of one subject of thought to another, named by a verb (verb object) or a name (nominal object). The function of addition is predominantly played by the indirect case of the name (with... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ADDITION- ADDENDUM, I, Wed. 1. see add. 2. What what n. added, addition. D. to the resolution. In d. (in addition to nothing else). Additions to clothing (ties, belts, scarves, bags, jewelry). 3. In grammar: minor member of a sentence... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

1's complement- reverse code bitwise complement - [L.G. Sumenko. English-Russian dictionary on information technology. M.: State Enterprise TsNIIS, 2003.] Topics information Technology in general Synonyms reverse code bit complement EN one s complement ...

ADDITION- (document amendment) (rider) An American term meaning a clause or condition added in addition to an important bill, but not directly related to its contents. In most cases, such additional items would not be included in... ... Political science. Dictionary.

Addition- 1. Same as addenda, additional text with clarifications, changes or new considerations, placed by the author after the work or its part (section), when to enter new material into a previously written text or inappropriate (required... ... Publishing dictionary-reference book

ADDITION- (Supplement), Poland, 2001, 108 min. A film about choice life calling and attitudes towards faith. Main character in search of his calling, he rushes between the monastery and everyday life, in which he has a girlfriend and a brother. Cast: Pavel Okraska, Monika... ... Encyclopedia of Cinema

Addition- ADDITION. A grammatical term denoting a noun in the indirect case, as part of a sentence. In some traditional grammars, the term D. is used in a narrower sense to designate a noun in the indirect case,... ... Dictionary of literary terms

ADDITION- (complement) A product for which the demand changes in the same direction as the demand for some other goods whose prices have changed. For example, an increase in the price of bread can lead to a decrease in demand for it; if at the same time the demand for... ... Dictionary of business terms

addition- The structural part of the main text, composed of materials allocated by the author for placement at the end of the work or its section. [GOST R 7.0.3 2006] Subjects of the publication, main types and elements Generalizing terms parts and elements of the text... ... Technical Translator's Guide

Addition

Addition - this is a minor member of the sentence that answers questions of indirect cases and denotes the object (subject) to which the action is directed or associated or (less often) in relation to which a qualitative attribute is manifested. Sometimes addition denotes the subject of an action or state (see translation agency). For example: The old man was catching fish with a seine (A. Pushkin); He was not at all inclined to humility and meekness (K. Chukovsky); I can’t sleep, there’s no fire... (A. Pushkin).

Add-ons, expressing the object of action, are used with verbs, as well as with nouns formed from them: deliver goods- cargo delivery; work on an article- working on the article.

Add-ons, naming an object in relation to which a qualitative attribute is manifested, are used with adjectives and nouns formed from them: faithful to duty- loyalty to duty; stingy in his movements- stinginess in movements.

Add-ons are divided into straight And indirect.

Direct addition - This addition, which depends on a transitive verb and is expressed by a noun or pronoun (as well as any part of speech used in the meaning of a noun) in the accusative case without a preposition: see picture, sing a song, fix the iron , write a letter , solve a problem , seehis , meet a friend .

Direct addition can also be expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition. The genitive case is used instead of the accusative in two cases: 1) if there is a negative particle Not before a transitive verb: felt joy- did not feel joy; heard voices- did not hear voices; 2) if the action does not transfer to the entire object, but only to a part: bought bread- bread; drank water- water: ...The gun commander did not leave the firing position, he asked to bring him shells from the broken guns (V. Astafiev); Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me you sing the songs of sad Georgia... (A. Pushkin).

Direct addition denotes an object to which an action is directly directed, which can arise, be created or disappear, or be destroyed during the action: knit a sweater,write an essay, decorate a room, check a dictation, break a tree, demolish a house etc.

Everyone else additions are indirect, they express different relations of action or attribute to objects: I won't regret it about roses, withered with a light spring (A. Pushkin); Aksinya remembered her youth and all her life, poor in joys (M. Sholokhov).

Add-ons can be expressed:

1) a noun in any indirect case with or without a preposition: With a golden ray the villagelilo (A. Maikov);

2) pronoun: I could never argue with them(M. Lermontov);

3) cardinal number: Divide thirty-six by two;

4) any part of speech in the meaning of a noun: I ran to my grandmother and asked her about the forgotten (M. Gorky);

5) infinitive: Everyone asked her to sing something (M. Lermontov);

6) syntactically integral phrases and phraseological units (the same as the subject): The hunters killed seventeen snipe (L. Tolstoy).

Secondary members play an important role in a sentence, enriching it, bringing clarity, explaining the subject and predicate. Among them, the addition stands out. The mistake in highlighting this minor member is that it is often confused with the subject, especially when it is in the accusative case. To avoid inaccuracies, you need to know what questions the supplement answers. We will talk about this in the article.

General information

The addition answers questions about indirect cases. These include everything except the nominative (the subject answers it).

Usually, a question is asked about the addition from the members of the sentence (minor and main), which are expressed either by verbs or those close in meaning to them (participles, gerunds).

Meaning

The meanings of the addition can be completely different. Let's analyze such relationships with the predicate in a sentence and see how the addition answers the questions. Examples below.

Olga gives (what?) an injection.

Olga gives an injection to (who?) her mother.

Olga gives an injection (with what?) with a syringe.

Sometimes there are additions that depend on verbal nouns and adjectives: conquering the top, moving to the end of the line, fish fried in a frying pan.

If we systematize the meanings, taking into account what the complement responds to, we get the following:

This minor member determines the object experiencing the action: choosing (what?) a profession, washing (what?) linen.
The object in whose interests the action is performed: write to your brother, go to your sister, come to your parents.
A means of performing an action or a tool of labor: writing with a pen, swimming breaststroke, drawing with a brush and paints.

How is the addition expressed?

The object, like the subject, is expressed by the following parts of speech:

A noun in the oblique case or a noun pronoun in the same form. The preposition is variable: I went (to whom?) to my mother; happy with (what?) the work; I think (about whom?) about him; bring (who?) him.
Any substantive part of speech (endowed with the function of a noun). Everyone was interested in (who?) was reading.
Infinitive. The audience asked the troupe (about what?) to dance again.
Numeral name. I'll multiply (what?) fifteen (by what?) by ten.
Phraseologism. I ask my sister (about what?) not to hang her nose.

What does the supplement refer to?

Since the addition answers questions of indirect cases, most often it refers to the predicate verb. In this way, it brings clarity to the main action being communicated in the sentence. We are walking (with whom?) with our daughter around the store. IN in this case the addition “with my daughter” extends the predicate verb “walking”.

However, this minor member can also refer to a noun that has some kind of action in its meaning. For example, “He is the driver of (what?) a heavy truck.” The object of "car" refers to the noun "driver".

Short adjectives are close in form and meaning to the predicate verb, so this minor member can also apply to them: I am angry (at whom?) at my neighbor. The addition with the preposition "to the neighbor" refers to short adjective"evil". Less often it refers to full adjective: Similar (to whom?) to his father.

Often an addition explains an adverb or adjective in comparative degree. For example: She looks younger (what?) than her age. Jasmine is more fragrant (what?) than roses.

Direct

Depending on what questions the addition answers, it can be either direct or indirect. The first requires placement in the accusative case, and there cannot be a preposition with it.

This addition defines the object of the action. It refers to a transitive verb or adverb. For example: to hate the enemy is direct, it is in the accusative case, and the verb “to hate” is transitive. Another example: I feel sorry for your friend. The addition of “friend” refers to the adverb “sorry”, which acts as a predicate in this sentence.

What questions does a direct complement answer? Only parental or accusative case. Let's look at the options:

The most common is the accusative case form with a missing preposition: We decorated the Christmas tree with the whole family. The addition “Christmas tree” is direct, used in the accusative case, there is no preposition.
Form of the genitive case when denoting a part of something whole: I poured tea leaves into a cup, and then diluted it with boiling water and put in lemon. The addition of “infusion” is direct and is in the genitive case. Also, the genitive case can indicate any result of an action, combined with the meaning of quantity: I need to go buy flour and bread.
In impersonal sentences, when the predicate is an adverb: What a pity for the wasted years.

Indirect

What questions does the indirect complement answer? For all the others: accusative with preposition, dative, instrumental and prepositional. The last three can be used with or without a preposition.

Our childhood dreams included bright travels and carefree everyday life (indirect additions - dreams, everyday life).
We pretended to be adults to ride this attraction (indirect addition - adults).
Conversations about the upcoming celebration took up all the free time (indirect addition - about the celebration).

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Lesson objectives: enrichment vocabulary learning new words, mastering theoretical material, the ability to find direct and indirect objects in a sentence, education personal competencies, instill a love of poetry.

Lesson type: synthetic

Lesson type: lesson experiment

Visibility: posters, markers

Lesson progress

I. Organizational moment(1-2 min)

a) greeting (slide No. 3): Hello! IN different countries they greet in their own way: And in one of the African tribes, when meeting, they say: “I see you”:
b) autogenic training: everyone says to himself the phrase “I am the best!”

II. Survey homework: read an essay on the topic “Russian folk traditions”

III. New topic: Direct and indirect object

1. The teacher's word.

Dear students! Today we have an unusual lesson that will take place in a creative workshop. You must conduct an experiment and determine what the topic of today's lesson is. (There is a white poster on the board on which students must write the topic of the lesson after they have carried out a linguistic experiment and made a conclusion.)
But before we start studying, we must plant a tree of expectations, i.e. Each student writes their expectations from this lesson on pieces of paper and attaches them to the tree. (Tree of expectations. Slide No. 4)

2. Brainstorming (Slide No. 5). Question: What is the topic of our lesson?

Supporting concepts: main members of a sentence, secondary members of a sentence, subject, predicate, object, indirect and direct object.
Mukagali Makataev, teacher of the Russian language, lyric poetry, Dante, Shakespeare (Among these concepts, the new ones are: direct and indirect objects, Mukagali Makataev. Based on the new concepts, students come to the consensus that in the lesson we will talk about direct and indirect objects, and Also, the lexical topic will be devoted to the work of Mukagali Makataev.)

3. Teacher: What did we talk about in the last lesson?

Pupils: We studied the topic “Addition”

(Students, answering this question, write the definition of addition on the reference poster. Other terms related to new topic, are entered by students in this reference book!)

An addition is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions about indirect cases. (Slide No. 6)

4. Linguistic experiment (slide 7

Here are some examples: (syntactic five minutes)

In Russian:

At the fair you can buy a woven basket and a patchwork rug.

Masters showed how to make a toy from a tire

In Kazakh language:

Tura zhane zhanama tolyktauysh

1) Balans of okytudy zhek kormedim (Tabys septic tura tolyktauysh)
2) Qulak estigendi koz koredi
3) Oner – white bar zhurttar (Neden? Shygys septic tank, zhanama)
Tastan barn salgyzdy (Y. Altynsarin)
4) Zhylkyda ot zhok, oser malda olim zhok (Zhatys septic) zhanama tolyktauysh

In English:

Direct, indirect and prepositional objects
1) I wrote a letter (direct)
I wrote a letter
2) I wrote a letter to him (whom?) (indirect)
3) I spoke about him (prepositional object)
(I talked about him)

(Students find additions in sentences, since they speak three languages, students make a comparison and draw a conclusion: there are two types of additions in the Kazakh language, three types of additions in English, and how many in Russian?)

5. The linguistic experiment in the creative workshop continues (slide 8)

Explain why the phrases are divided into two columns?

After writing down examples, students determine the case forms of nouns and indicate the transitivity of verbs. On the student reference poster they write:
Transitive verbs denote actions directly and necessarily aimed at some object. The action denoted by this verb presupposes one or another object (house, dam, factory, etc.) and is impossible without it. The object to which the action of a transitive verb passes is always expressed in the accusative case form without a preposition.
Sometimes the direct object of a transitive verb is in the genitive case: when denoting a partial object, when negating.
Intransitive verbs denote actions that are not directed at any object. They have the meaning of position in space, state, sound: sitting, grieving, barking, etc. In accordance with their meaning, they cannot control the form of the accusative case without a preposition.

6. Presentation of the directory (9 slide).

On the poster-reference book, students write case forms in two columns, which are necessary for transitional and intransitive verbs. Then they draw a conclusion about direct and indirect additions and write the topic of the lesson on a blank poster.
The direct object refers to a transitive verb and is expressed in the accusative form, less often - in the genitive form without a preposition. All other additions are called indirect.

7. Selective exercise.

1. My grandmother loves to collect medicinal plants. 2. My sincerity amazed Pugachev. 3. Give me some milk, please. 4. Son, buy some bread at the store. 5. They said there would be no water during the day. 6. I don't like your jokes. 7. To achieve a goal, you have to work hard. 8. The patient lost sleep. 9. Many composers devoted their entire lives to music. 10. I will not allow anyone to deceive me. 11. We melt tin and drive cars. 12. The old man was catching fish with a seine. 13. From newspapers and old magazines I learned about the life of other cities, other peoples. 14. Not a single holiday passes without music and songs. 15.I went to the city with a friend. 16. Dulat plays chess well.

8. Work according to the table (Slide No. 10)

Students consolidate their knowledge of direct and indirect objects using a table.

9. Phonetic exercise (or speech exercise) the hiss of a snake; rustle of leaves; the wind howls; a crow croaks. (Slide No. 11)

(Students must pronounce words, performing the actions listed above, for example: the hiss of a snake - s-s-sun, ts - ts - flower, s - s - light; the wind howls - pere - y - y- street, y - y- street, chance; a crow croaks - kar- kar- picture, kar- kar- cardboard, kar- kar- caricature.
This phonetic charge serves as a bridge for the transition to the lexical topic “Mukagali Makataev”.

Teacher: Do you think this method is used?(i.e. repetition of the same sounds) poets in poems? What is it called?

Students: This method is called alliteration. It is often used by poets. Alliteration is the repetition of identical consonant sounds in poetic speech, one of the types of sound writing. Alliteration makes it stand out individual words and lines that therefore become especially expressive:

The echo roars across the mountains,
Like thunder rolling over thunder.
(G. Derzhavin. Waterfall.)

(“Brief Dictionary literary terms" L.I. Timofeev, S.V. Turaev)

Teacher: Today we will get acquainted with the life and work of Mukagali Makataev (Slide No. 12). This is a famous Kazakh poet. His poems occupy the most important place in Kazakh literature. Mukagali Makataev also wrote poetry in Russian. He worked as a Russian language teacher. And now you must read the text about him, observing the rules of pronunciation.

Exercise 4 from the textbook “Russian Speech” edited by G. Badambaeva.

One of the most talented Kazakh poets Mukagali Makataev lived only 45 years (1931-1976). He was born in the Narynkol district of the Alma-Ata region. Teachers gathered in his house, and his readers simply came to the poet. In the evenings we often discussed poetry and talked about poetry. For the first time, the Kazakh teacher was introduced to the work of Makataev in 1966 in the newspaper “Kazakh Adebieti” by the oldest poet of our republic, Abdilda Tazhibaev.
The formation of Makataev the poet was greatly influenced by oral poetry Kazakh people, a love for which he showed in childhood. On long winter evenings, the future poet loved to listen to stories, legends, and songs by the fireplace.
Mukagali Makataev translated into Kazakh language works of Dante, Shakespeare and other classics of foreign literature.

10. Lexical corner: working with new words - discussed, influence, legends.

Make up sentences with new words. Decline nouns.

11. Working with text: Reprint the text on paper in small print and hang it on the board.

Divide the class into two groups and ask them to close their books. Each group should
restore text in notebooks. To do this, two students write, and the rest of the students, having read one sentence at a time at the board, approach the student who is writing and dictate the sentence they read from memory. The group that is the first to restore the text without errors and (underline the addition in the sentences) deserves an award.
(This type of work allows students to develop memory, and also gives students the opportunity to move around in class)

12. Problem from “Teddy Bear”: find the addition.

The bullfighter put on a sombrero.
Sombrero put on Torero.
Answer: Sombrero (from Spanish) is a wide-brimmed hat with a high cone-shaped crown and usually with the edges of the brim rounded upward.

13. Structural discussion on the topic: “Do modern youth read fiction? (Slide No. 13 )

Students express their opinions from the point of view of optimists, pessimists, and realists. Observers and the analyst evaluate the statements.

14. Lesson summary: Tree with results.(Slide No. 14)

Students write their reviews on pieces of paper and attach them to the tree. The teacher compares expectations with the results obtained.

15. Homework: write about your favorite poet, using direct and indirect objects.

The direct object denotes the object to which the action is directed, is expressed in the accusative case form without a preposition, extends the transitive verb, as well as some words of the state category (you can see the house, hear the music, it hurts your head): Nature creates man, but develops and forms his society (Belinsky ). Genitive form direct object possible with transitive verbs with a negative particle not: I am not
I love spring (Pushkin); I can’t imagine a situation where there would ever be nothing to do (Dostoevsky).
The preposition of the direct object often allows it to retain the accusative case form for transitive verbs with the negation of not. Apparently, this is explained by the weakening of the connection between the substantive word and the verb. Wed: The night did not bring coolness (A.N. Tolstoy). - I could not recognize my father’s house (Yesenin). But the genitive case is also possible: The sun is not visible - the sky is overcast with Burning (Gerasimov).
Note. They are not direct objects of the genitive case form in the following sentences, since they do not contain transitive verbs: I lack your tenderness, you lack my care (Shchipachev); There is no stronger beast than a cat (Krylov); Gerasim was no longer in the yard (Turgenev).
The indirect object is expressed by forms of indirect cases with and without prepositions and refers to the verb,
to an adjective, to words of the state category, to a noun: So forget about your anxiety, Don’t be so sad about me (Yesenin); The word “tomorrow” was invented for indecisive people and for children (Turgenev); I brought a basket full of dew from the forest (Marshak); It is impossible to live in the world without sacrifices, without efforts and hardships: life is not a garden in which only flowers grow (Goncharov).
The meaning of an object in secondary members of a sentence is often complicated by attributive and adverbial meanings.
Determinative complements are subject to sentence members expressed by verbal nouns that retain the action component in semantics (the categorical meaning of the verb). This explains the correlation between a number of verbal and substantive phrases: think about the past - thoughts about the past, dream about travel - dream about travel, demand quality - demand quality, study history - study history, etc.
The brighter the verbal component in the semantics of verbal nouns, the clearer the meaning of the object among their distributors. When neutralizing the verb component in the dependent word, the attributive meaning is stronger: the thought of you, the meaning of speech, etc.
Adverbial additions are subject to verb forms: Butterflies flutter over the flowers... (Sokolov-Mikitov); For_
art is only suitable for the material that has won
place in the heart (Paustovsky).