Boryakova Yulia Andreevna Teacher English language MBOU Secondary School No. 50, Voronezh

MODAL VERBS

Modal verbs

• Modal verbs are those that express not an action, but an attitude towards it: the possibility, necessity, ability, probability, etc. of performing an action expressed by the infinitive of the semantic verb following the modal.
• Modal verbs are always used with infinitive semantic verb, forming a compound verbal (modal) predicate.
• These verbs are also called insufficient, since they lack a number of grammatical forms inherent in other verbs:
• 1 . They do not change by person and have no ending –s in 3rd person singular numbers (except for equivalents of modal verbs).
• 2 . They do not have impersonal forms of the infinitive, participle and gerund, and therefore do not have complex tense forms (future tense, continuous and perfect forms).
• 3 . Except for verbs can (could) And may (might) modal verbs have only one present tense form.
• They have the following features:
• 1 . The infinitive of the semantic verb following the modal verb is used without a particle to. But modal verb ought, verbs to have And to be in the role of modal, as well as equivalents to be able And to be allowed require an infinitive with a particle after itself to. These verbs are further accompanied by parentheses with the particle to inside (to) .
• 2 . In interrogative and negative sentences they are used without an auxiliary verb (except for the verb to have). In an interrogative sentence, the modal verb (just like the first auxiliary) is placed before the subject.
• 3 . The negative form is formed using a particle not, which is placed after the modal verb.

Modal verb and its equivalent

Purely modal verbs (4) and their equivalents (2)

Expresses

can[kxn]

to be able (to)

be able to, be able to, be able to

may[meI]

to be allowed (to)

am/is/are able (to)

be able, have permission

must[mast]

was/were able (to)

am/is/are allowed (to)

ought (to)[Lt]

shall/will be able (to)

be to

Equivalents of obligatory verbs(must, ought, shall, should) - 2

should, should

was/were allowed (to)

shall/will be allowed (to)

ought (to)

to have (to)

to be (to)[bJ]

forced, has to

Multifunctional verbs as modals (6)

must(according to plan)

have/has (to)

am/is/are (to)

shall[Sxl]

had (to)

should[Sud]

shall/will have (to)

was/were (to)

obliged, must

will[wil]

should, should

would[wud]

wish, intend

want; likely; it happened

need[nJd]

dare[dFq]

need

dare

Modal verbs can be used with all forms of the infinitive , while :

1) If the action relates to the present or future tense , then a simple infinitive (Indefinite) or a continuous one (Continuous) is used:

He can play tennis

He may be sleeping now.

2) If the action relates to the past , then the perfect infinitive is used:

Where could he have been ?

You could have taken care of her.

Ex. 1 Insert modal verbs should or must.

a) You ... have studied the material thoroughly. I see you have made no mistakes in the test-paper.

b) You ... have studied the material thoroughly. Then you would not have made so many mistakes.

2. a) She ... have followed the doctor's advice. She would have recovered by now. b) She ... have followed the doctor's advice. She looks very fine. 3. a) You ... have ignored the instructions of your sports coach. That's why you lost the game. b) You ... have followed the instructions of your sports coach. Then you would have won the

game. 4. a) She ... have forgotten to take her medicine, b) She ... have remembered to take her medicine. 5. a) I... have got on the wrong bus. I cannot recognize the places we are passing, b) I ... have looked carefully at the number of the bus. Now I must change buses, and I am afraid I shall be late.

Ex. 2 Insert modal verb may or might. Open the brackets using the required form of the infinitive.

1. ... I (to ask) you to take off your hat? 2. She asked me if she ... (to turn) on the light. 3. I am afraid it... (not to stop) raining by the morning. 4. Don"t scold her: the task... (to be) too difficult for her, that"s why she made rather many mistakes. 5. If they"don"t miss the train, they... (to arrive) in time. 6. Why isn't he here yet? What has happened? - Oh, he ... (to miss) the train. 7. He ... (to do) very hard work. That"s why he looks so tired now.

Ex. 3 Insert modal verbs may, must or need.

1....we hand in our compositions tomorrow? - No, you ... not, you ... hand them in after Sunday. 2. ... John really do this today? - No, he ... not, he ... do it tomorrow if he likes. 3.You... don't let this cup fall: it... break. 4. ...I help you with your coat on? 5. ...I take this book for a little while? - I am sorry, but I ... return it to the library at once. 6. Alec ... practice this sound specially, but the other pupils ... not: they all pronounce it properly. 7. They ... come at any time they like between ten and twelve in the morning, but they ... not come if they don"t want to. 8. ... I go there right now? - Yes, you ....

Slide 3

verbs that do not have the form of an infinitive, participle, gerund Verbs that do not take the ending -s, -es in the 3rd person singular Present Indefinite, Verbs after which the infinitive of another verb is used without the particle to They form interrogative and negative forms without auxiliary verb. Must- to must- must I can- She cans- she can They should to study well should study Gary can drive a car _______he drive a car? He ______ not drive a plane Can can

Slide 4

Can/could

This modal verb has two forms: can - for the present tense, could - for the past. Used: To express the possibility or ability to perform an action To express skill in the past To express permission to perform an action To express a prohibition to perform an action Study these examples She can speak English well but she can"t write it at all Bill and Jenny couldn"t come to the party last week. Can we gohome ?Yes, you can go You can"t speak at the lessons

Slide 5

C A N

The modal verb can expresses the possibility or ability to perform an action. It is usually translated into Russian with the words I can, I can. In the past indefinite tense it has the form could. It does not have the form of the future indefinite tense. The verb can is also used to express a real or expected possibility. This work could be done at once. This work could be done at once.

Slide 6

Must/mustn't

The verb must is used to indicate the need to perform an action in the present or future to comply with a rule to indicate urgent advice to express a prohibition Study these examples I must go. You must be home by 10p.m. You must come and see my new flat. You mustn't do it.

Slide 7

SHOULD/SHOULDN'T

Used to: Give advice Advise what not to do You can express advice: Why don’t you...? I think it's a good idea I don't think… Study these examples Tom should go to bed earlier ,because he"s always tired. You work all the time. You shouldn't work so hard Why don't you go to bed earlier? I think it’s a good idea to see it. I don’t think it’s a good idea to cross the street here.

Slide 8

M A Y

The modal verb may expresses permission or opportunity to perform an action. It is usually translated into Russian with the words I can, it is possible. In the past indefinite tense it has the form might. The future indefinite tense has no form. The verb may is also used to express assumption (with a tinge of doubt): He may not know about it. He may not know about it. (He may not know this.)

Slide 9

Ought

The modal verb ought expresses the moral necessity of performing an action. It is usually translated into Russian with the words should, should, should, should. It has only the form of the present indefinite tense ought, i.e. it has no forms of the past and future indefinite tense. After the modal verb ought, the semantic verb in an indefinite form is used with the particle to

Slide 10

NEED

The modal verb need expresses the need to perform an action. It is usually translated into Russian with the words necessary, necessary. It has only the form of the present indefinite tense need, i.e. it has no forms of past and future indefinite tense: We need talk of this no more. We don’t need to talk about it anymore

Slide 11

Unlike other modal verbs, the interrogative and negative forms of the modal verb need can also be formed using the auxiliary verb todo in the appropriate form, and the semantic verb in this case is used with the particle to: Need we answer this letter? Do we need to answer this letter? Do we need to respond to this letter?

Slide 12

SHOULD

The verb should expresses advice, the subjective need to perform an action. It is usually translated into Russian with the words must, should. Has only one form should The instructions should be written in clear language. Instructions must be written (must be written) in clear language.

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Modal Verbs

• Don't have an ending -s in the 3rd person singular present tense. He can do it. He may take it. He must go there. He ought to help him. Need him do it?
• They do not have non-finite forms (infinitive, gerund and participle)

• The interrogative and negative forms of modal verbs are formed without an auxiliary verb: in interrogative sentences the modal verb is placed before the subject, in negative - it is followed by a negative not . Can you do it? May I take it? Must he go there? Ought he to help him? Need him do it? He ought not to help him. He need not do it.
• They have no past tense form (except can - could, may - might) and analytical forms (future tense, continuous form, perfect forms and passive forms). If necessary, instead of missing forms, use equivalents modal verbs

Combination modal verb with a non-perfect infinitive refers the action to the present or future time or indicates its simultaneity with the moment of speech, and, on the contrary, the combination with a perfect infinitive either refers the action to the past or expresses the precedence of the action relative to the moment of speech: I could do it. I could do this(in the present or future). I could have done it. I could do this(but no longer did).

Modal verbs (Modal verbs)

Compiled by:

teacher

English language

Voronina M.V.

in English

• The main verb after the modal is written without a particle to . She can swim.

• Don't have an ending -s/-es in the third person, singular present tense ( except equivalents of modal verbs: to have to, to be to, to be obliged to). She can dance. She has to wake up early.

Features of modal verbs

in English

3. Interrogative and negative forms are formed without auxiliary verbs. Can I help you? He can't dance. 4. Not all modal verbs have forms of future and past tenses, and when they are expressed, they are replaced by equivalents.

5. They do not have non-finite forms of the verb (infinitive, participle, gerund).

Modal verbs can be divided into three categories:

1. Modal verbs – can, may, must, ought to.

2. Equivalents – could, to be able to, might, to be allowed to, to have to, to be to.

3. Multifunctional verbs that perform the function of modals – shall, should, will, would, need, dare.

TYPES OF OFFERS

Translation: I can, I can

Meaning: physical or mental ability, the ability to take action.

Equivalent: to be able to

• Could- polite request (could you please)

Translation: is it possible, please allow me

Meaning: permission, request, opportunity or assumption, expresses an actual, one-time possibility

Equivalents: to be allowed to, to be (un)likely to

will be allowed to

• Might is an indicator of the likelihood that something will happen, but with even greater uncertainty.

Translation: must, must

Meaning: expresses necessity, obligation, urgent advice

Equivalents: to be obliged to, to be prohibited to, not to be allowed to

Ought to

Translation: must, should

Meaning: expresses moral duty, desirability, urgent advice

Equivalents: should

To be to

Translation: must, must

Meaning: used to express a weak order or command, obligation.

To have to

Translation: forced, obliged

Meaning: used to express obligation and necessity depending on the circumstances.

This modal verb is used to express a threat or warning, as well as a request for direction.

This modal verb is used to express polite requests, permission, willingness/unwillingness to act.

This modal verb was originally used as the past form of the verb will, therefore, I retained most of its meanings.

It is also used to express polite requests, permission, willingness/unwillingness to act, and to express repeated actions in the past.

This modal verb has only one form - the present one. In an affirmative sentence it is used to express the need to perform some action, while in a negative sentence it is used to express the absence of necessity.

This modal verb translates to having the courage to do something. In a negative sense, it means not having the courage to do something. It has two forms - the real one dare and past dared.

Exercise 1

Translate the sentences; explain the usage of the modal verbs:

1. The green wire should be connected to terminal 4.

2. You mustn’t turn the machine when the red warning light is on.

3. This lever can be up or down.

4. We can recycle old products to make new ones.

5. The red switch has to be on.

6. A rheostat is a resistor whose resistance value may be varied.

7. That morning he had to leave his car at home.

8. You can’t ride a motorbike with no helmet.

Exercise 2

Put the verbs into Past Simple. Use the modal verbs and their equivalents:

1. He must work hard to finish his experiment.

2. I can devote myself to scientific work.

3. You may repeat this experiment.

4. He must illustrate this law by several experiments.

5. She can study automation in the college.

6. They may carry out these experiments at the laboratory.

Exercise 3

Put the verbs can, may, must .

• What ____ we see on this map?
• ____ do you speak Spanish? - No, unfortunately I ____ not.
• At what time ____ you come to college?
• ____ I come in?
• You ____ not smoke here.
• ____ take your book? - I am afraid not: I need it.
• I have very little time: I ____ go.
• They ____ not go to the cinema today because they are busy.
• You ____ read this text: it is easy enough.