Neighborhood culture 4th grade

Primary school teacher: Kozhevnikova E.I.

Subject. Ancient ways of transmitting information. “Stone Chronicle” - inscriptions on stone (epigraphy) and on raw clay (graffiti) - these are the stories our ancestors tell about themselves. Parchment and paper are the guardians of the memory of our ancestors. Traditions of chronicle writing in Crimea.

Target: To familiarize students with various methods of transmitting information, their history

emergence and development, traditions of chronicle writing in Crimea; develop skills

talk about it. Cultivate interest in the history and traditions of the peoples of Crimea.

Planned results:

Cognitive UUD: the ability to solve a learning problem, simulate a situation using an algorithm; the ability to evaluate the results of one’s own activities and the activities of group members.

Communication UUD: development of coherent speech when transmitting information at the main stages of the lesson, the ability to use acquired knowledge when arguing an answer; development of communication skills in pairs and groups.

Regulatory UUD: developing the ability to plan your activities; identification and awareness of already acquired knowledge and new, unstudied; the ability to discuss a problem using personal knowledge.

Personal UUD: teach communication within a group, in pairs, and a positive attitude towards others.

Equipment: photographs and illustrations depicting fragments of ancient written monuments.

Lesson structure:

Updating basic knowledge.

Report the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Working on new material.

Consolidation of the studied material.

Homework .

Lesson summary.

Reflection.

1.Updating basic knowledge.

Guys, if you need to tell someone important news, how do you do it?

What other ways of transmitting information do you know?

2.Communication of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Problematic question . Show the children a photograph of a fragment of Tash-Air rock art.

What do you guys think this is? Who do you think could have painted these drawings? When? On what? What did he mean by this?

Today we will get acquainted with ancient methods of transmitting information, the history of their origin and further development in the world, as well as in Crimea.

3. Work on new material.

1. Teacher's story.

It is difficult for us now to imagine life without radio and television. With their help, we learn news from all corners of our planet. And now the Internet has appeared, which allows access to any information at any time. But about a hundred years ago this was unimaginable.

Now try to imagine life without writing. It’s difficult, but hundreds of thousands of years ago people did not know how to write. Let's mentally transport ourselves back to those times.

Primitive man had a need to convey some messages or his life experiences to his descendants, and for this people constantly came up with different ways. Listen to how funny the English writer Joseph Rudyard Kipling told about this in the fairy tale “ How the first letter was written ».

Appeared first signals, signs, sign systems etc. For example, Canadian Indians and Australian Aborigines bred fires, smoke which were visible far away, they knew how to read smoke. Many Indian tribes used specially tied nodules.(This is how the expression “tying a knot for memory” came about). In Europe lit up signal lights. Residents of one of the islands of the coast Africa use two languages: the language of words and the language of whistling. The island is covered with high mountains, the human voice is lost in the mountains, the whistle can be heard far away.

The ancient people indicated the direction in which to go notch on the tree can tell where to go and arrow, if you put its tip in the right direction, but over time the person realized that the arrow can be draw with colored clay on the rock. This is how the first cave paintings appeared. Gradually, the drawings were simplified, turning into signs - pictograms. This method of writing lasted for a very long time, but was complex and took a long time to learn.

Near the site of ancient people Tash Air 1 only one found in Crimea rock art monument. The drawings are made in red ocher on a steep rock. Was found on the outskirts of Simferopol stele with carved figures of people and arable tools.

One of the largest and most comprehensive epigraphic documents, found in Crimea, is oath of citizens of Chersonesos, carved on stone by the ancient Greeks (4-3 centuries BC). Epigraphy is a stone chronicle.

Chersonesites on the seashore they erected a bronze statue of their savior - the Pontic commander Diophantus, who defeated the Scythians (in 110 BC). On on the reverse side of the stone pedestal, a decree is carved in honor of Diophantus - the most important historical document, which tells about the Diophantine wars, in which three located on the territory of Crimea states: Bosporus, Chersonesus and the Late Scythian kingdom .

Physical education minute.

2. The history of the book

(Advance homework : the texts below are retold by students prepared in advance).

A. Clay books

When and where did the first books appear?

One of the ancient and powerful states of the Ancient East was Sumer, located between rivers Tigris and Euphrates .

The Sumerians have already 4 thousand years BC uh . knew how to write. For recordings they used clay - the most convenient and cheapest material. I kneaded some clay, molded it into a small pancake, cut out a triangular stick and write, squeeze out written signs on soft clay. These signs looked like wedges, which is why the letter got the name “ cuneiform".

When the entire tablet was covered with written characters, it dried in the sun or burned on fire. She became hard as stone.

Hundreds of such tablets were found during excavations of a library in the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh. These were books on medicine, astronomy, history, grammar and works of art.

Pages were big: 32 x 22 cm and thickness 2.5 cm- real brick! If a book has 100 pages, its thickness will be two and a half meters. Such books were kept in boxes or baskets. Instead of numbering, the title of the book was written at the beginning of each tile, and the first word of the next tablet at the end.

Cuneiform tablets are the most lasting book material.

B. Book-scrolls

On the banks of the Nile in Ancient Egyptnear3 thousand years BCEgyptians invented a comfortable, smooth material for writing - papyrus.

Did it from a river plant - papyrus. The stems of this plant easily split into fibrous ribbons. The ribbons were laid in rows so that the edge of one stem lay on the edge of the other. A new layer was laid across one layer and pressed down on top with heavy stones. The plant juice, squeezed out by this weight, glued the ribbons into a solid piece. Such pieces were joined into long strips and rolled up into scrolls, attached to the ends of the scroll wooden sticks for rewinding .

The scroll was divided to columns , a kind of page. These scroll books were long 6-8 meters, and some 40 and even 150.

Wrote on papyrus with a pointed stick . Each scribe had a pencil case with two recesses for black and red paint. (In Egyptian writing, words were not separated from each other, so the beginning of a new phrase was written in red paint).

The folded book was inserted in a case, jug or put in a box . Stored books at temples . During military conflicts, the conquerors did not spare libraries. Therefore very many papyrus scrolls burned and are lost forever.

The ancient Greeks bought papyrus in Egypt, and they also wrote on specially treated leather and on wooden tablets coated with wax.

B. Books made of wood and parchment

The first books similar to modern ones appeared in 1st century AD.

At first these were books whose pages were from a wooden plank with a recess into which they poured melted wax. They wrote on soft wax with sharp metal stick. The pages were tied together into a book with string, but such books were heavy. The papyrus pages were folded - also not convenient. Then we switched to another material - parchment (parchment).

Sheep or calf skin they soaked it in lime, scraped off the remaining meat and wool, and dried it tightly on a frame. Then they smoothed it with pumice and rubbed chalk into it. They cut the parchment into sheets of the required size, lined them and wrote with pen and ink.

Such books were very expensive. For one thick book it was necessary to stuff a whole herd of calves . They wrote books for many months, and sometimes years.

Most of these books were in monasteries , they were copied and stored there.

In Rus' wrote on birch bark a pointed instrument made of bone, metal or wood (writing), and from the 7th century, bird feathers. The letters resembled cuneiform.

G.Paper

With the advent of paper, books acquired an almost modern appearance.

Paper appeared in China , approximately in the 2nd century AD. They made it from scraps silk, rags, old fishing nets, tree bark . All this was crushed, mixed with water, then poured onto a thin bamboo net, the water drained, paper pulp remained on the sieve, it was dried and sized. Paper is made in the same way now, only from wood, and the work is done by special machines.

From China the paper got caught to Korea, Japan , Then to Arab countries and finally to Europe , conquering country after country. Scientists have calculated the speed of this peaceful " conquest" - approximately a thousand kilometers in a hundred years. In the 8th century paper mills opened in Baghdad and Damascus , in the 9th century – in Egypt (papyrus could not withstand the competition). In the 12th century- V Spain , V 13 – in Italy .

In 15th century Germany Johannes Gutenberg invented a method printing . In Russia in 1654 The first printed book “Apostle” appeared in Moscow, thanks to the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov.

3. Work in groups. Correlation of photographs and illustrations depicting fragments of ancient written records with the names of the first books.

(Repetition of the rules of working in a group, instruction, defense of projects, opponents’ additions, reflection)

4. Consolidation of the studied material.

Tests

1.Pictography is...

a) ancient paintings;

b) pictorial writing.

2.The rock art monument Tash Air is located

a) in Egypt;

b) in Crimea.

H. There are inscriptions on clay tablets...

a) carved with a chisel and a hammer;

b) squeezed out with a pointed stick. 4

4. Clay books were kept...

a) in boxes and baskets;

b) in cases and jugs.

5. Books and scrolls were made from...

a) silk and other fabrics;

b) papyrus.

6. Books and scrolls were invented...

a) in Ancient Egypt;

b) In Europe.

7. Parchment was made from...

a) wood;

b) skin of sheep or calves.

8. Books made of parchment were...

a) printed;

b) handwritten.

9. In ancient Rus' they wrote in

a) birch bark;

b) oak bark.

10. Paper was invented in...

b) Japan.

11. Oath of the inhabitants of Chersonesos...

a) written on parchment,

b) carved on stone.

*12. What role does writing play in the development of human civilization?

Peer assessment of work according to criteria established by the teacher

(Answers: b, b, b, a, b, a, b, b, a, a, b)

5. Homework.

1.Tell your parents at home about what you learned in class.

*2. Creative task: prepare a story (project, presentation) about a book of the future or about ways of transmitting information in the distant future.

6. Lesson summary.

What stood out to you most in the lesson or surprised you?

7. Reflection.

Finish the phrases:

In class I learned...

I was interested to hear...

I remember...

I learned...

I liked it...

Literature.

Ancient history of Crimea. I.N. Khrapunov. - Simferopol: “Share” - 2005

A book about a book. S.L. Lvov - Moscow: Enlightenment - 1980

Spelling secrets. G.G. Granik, S.M. Bondarenko, L.A. End. – Moscow: Enlightenment – ​​1991

In the modern world, conditions have been created for operational communication. You can be on different continents and exchange instant messages, emails, and parcels. Today, communicating on the phone, like a lot of other things, be it repairing an iPhone or delivering goods from distant countries, is no longer a novelty. Naturally, this was not always the case. Humanity once had no idea about the appearance of paper envelopes and stamps. There were other ways to convey messages.

What are they?

If today, having handed in an iPad or phone for repair, we count the minutes until we can pick it up, then before people could easily do without all kinds of gadgets. They simply didn't exist. In ancient tribes, especially in Africa, signals were transmitted by the sounds of drums. Even now, any native understands such a “language.” Many peoples used light effects to convey messages. A fire and the smoke flowing from it could notify an alarm, become a cry for help, or simply a signal of an upcoming halt. These methods of transmitting information were very effective, but somewhat limited. As the volume of information messages began to grow, transmission methods began to improve. This is how messengers appeared who carried important news. Pigeons and even butchers were “postmen”! After all, they were the ones who often traveled long distances to make purchases.

In Rus', mentions of the postal system appeared at the beginning of the 16th century. A qualitative breakthrough was the development of shipping and railways. And in 1820 the envelope was invented. It was created by a paper merchant in Brighton. It is noteworthy that even after the invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, postal communication did not lose its popularity.

The question of how primitive people spoke has been of concern to scientists for a long time. They offered many versions that could solve this mystery.

Language is a divine gift

Ancient scientists believed that people began to speak thanks to the intervention of higher powers, that is, they considered language a gift from God. For example, one Egyptian text, which dates back to the 3rd century BC, says that the creator of speech is the supreme god Ptah. In other countries, too, “the naming of all things” was attributed to the main deity. The Bible also speaks about this, in which God initially has speech, with the only difference that he attracted man to the creation of language, when, having populated the earth, he observed what names man would give to all living things.

In accordance with this theory, we can conclude that primitive man did not speak at all until the miracle happened.

Language was created by people

The second hypothesis of the origin of language appeared in the era of Antiquity. Ancient Greek and Roman thinkers such as Democritus, Epicurus, Lucretius and many others concluded that man himself created language and the gods did not take part in this.

However, this idea did not receive its development then, since the spread of Christianity returned everything to its normal course, and God again became the creator of language.

The situation began to change only in the 18th century, when scientists paid great attention to the concepts of the origin of human speech. The three most popular were:

1. onomatopoeic, who argued that language arose as a result of imitation of the sounds of nature. The argument is the presence of onomatopoeic vocabulary in all languages ​​(crow, bark, grunt, and so on);

2. social contract theory, which implied that primitive people agreed on how to use language;

3. the third concept can be called "from unconscious sounds to conscious speech". Scientists who adhered to it believed that at first people made unconscious sounds, then they learned to control them. In parallel with this, the ability to control one’s mental actions also developed.

Also, some scientists suggested that primitive people initially communicated with gestures, supplementing them with sounds, and then gradually switched to using only sounds.

It is interesting that after all this scientific research, linguists have reached a dead end. They, for example, discovered that it is impossible to divide languages ​​into primitive and developed, relying only on their morphological complexity. According to this theory, it turned out that the Chinese language is one of the most primitive, and, therefore, very close to the primitive language. This contradicted the fact that China had a developed culture.

As a result, in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, linguists abandoned all attempts to establish how primitive people spoke. They were replaced by psychologists and historians studying the primitive world.

Primitive people talked like children

Nevertheless, during the study of this issue, scientists came to the conclusion that language appeared unconsciously. The simplest analogy that lay in plain sight was the development of speech in a child. This process is gradual, consisting of a number of stages.

In the 40s of the 20th century, a hypothesis was proposed according to which primitive people formed language in the same way as children. This idea was expressed by Vladimir Kapitonovich Nikolsky, a specialist in primitive society, and Nikolai Feofanovich Yakovlev, a linguist.

The main provisions of this concept:

• the speech of primitive people did not consist of individual sounds, but of whole thoughts and, as a result, whole sentences (as a child first speaks in words-sentences);
• among primitive people, vowels and consonants were not distinguished, but there were so-called “cry-syllables” (in the language, similar elements were preserved in “syllable-sentences”, such as yes, no, hey, well, na and so on);
• primitive people did not use words. At first they expressed thoughts in words-sentences that developed and supplemented the same thought, and later a combination of thoughts;
• words-concepts could have appeared during that period of development of primitive man, when there was a transition from gathering to hunting. These word-concepts consisted of one sound and were quite vague compared to modern words. In addition, they could denote both objects and actions, but now words have ceased to be equal to sentences.

However, this concept is just a hypothesis. After all, a child is born with already developed speech organs, and among primitive people who were just learning to speak, these organs could be completely different. In addition, according to American linguist Noam Chomsky, a child already has a certain program in his brain for mastering speech, while primitive people simply did not have it yet.

In a word, until a time machine is invented, we will not be able to find out how primitive people talked. We can only be content with speculation and hypotheses.

Instructions

The first people communicated with their fellows in the same way as modern monkeys communicate - using a set of inarticulate sounds. This language was very sparse and was limited to various variations of the combination of vowels with the addition of a few consonants, and the tone of the ancient “conversation” was set by the facial expressions and intonation of the speaker. At the first stage of the formation of humanity as a species, this was quite enough: there was no need to transfer too much information to distant neighbors, to future generations, and to each other.

After thousands of years, a person began to need to transmit messages that would have much more meaning than a signal during a hunt, about an attack, about a fire, etc. The speech of ancient people began to develop, and the first ancient languages ​​appeared. Over long distances, information was transmitted through human messengers exclusively orally.

At the same time, there was a need to leave a memory for descendants about events in a particular tribe or natural phenomena that worried the first people. There was no written language at that time, and especially gifted individuals came up with a way of transmitting information such as drawings (petroglyphs). The most famous examples of rock art are the beautiful creations of ancient people in the caves of Australia. Scientists called the amazingly beautiful and stylish images imprinted on walls and stones the “Mimi” style.

The further development of society forced man to invent new ways of communication. The appearance of writing immediately gave humanity a colossal impetus; it was a real achievement of human thought and one of the very first steps on the path to progress. Writing went through several stages of development; at first, information was transmitted in the form of objects that could carry a direct or figurative meaning; such writing is classified by modern historians and archaeologists as subject-based.

Then pictographic and hieroglyphic writing appeared. Pictographic writing took the form of drawings-symbols drawn on stones, tablets, and tree bark. This method was very imperfect, because I could not convey the information in a more accurate form. One of the most amazing types of writing is knot writing; it was a text written on a rope using knots tied on it. Very few such examples have reached modern man, the most famous being the knotted writing of the Incas and the knotted writing of the Chinese.

Hieroglyphic writing soon replaced pictographic writing, and existed in some states until the last few centuries. Hieroglyphs looked like symbols that carried a specific meaning. The most famous are Chinese, Japanese and Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. The most recent invention of man is alphabetic writing. It differed from hieroglyphic in that the written signs did not denote a specific word or phrase, but a separate sound or combination of sounds.

Currently, in the comprehensive development of means of communication, methods of transmitting information play a particularly important role. Depending on their choice, the effectiveness of the entire organizational system is determined.

Methods of transmitting information

At the present stage, all means and methods of transmitting information can be divided into two large groups. Information can be transmitted either manually or mechanically. The latter method is carried out using automated systems and through various communication channels.

Manual method of information transfer

This method of transmitting information has been widely used for a long time. In this case, it can be transmitted either using couriers or using. The advantages of this method are complete confidentiality and reliability of all information transmitted in this way. You can completely control how you receive it. For example, if is used, then the information can be controlled in points. This method also involves low costs that do not require any capital expenditure from the enterprise. However, there are also. The main ones include low speed and lack of prompt responses from recipients.

Mechanized method of transmitting information

The use of automated controls can greatly increase the speed of information transfer through various communication channels. And this, in turn, improves the quality and efficiency of making various management decisions. At the same time, both capital and operating costs increase. If you correctly organize the production process using this method of information transfer, then ultimately the economic efficiency of the activities of the entire enterprise will significantly increase.

With this method of transmitting information, the following elements will be necessary. Firstly, the source of information. Secondly, the consumer of information. Thirdly, transceiver devices between which communication channels will be organized. Such devices can be a computer, mobile phone, tablet with the Internet connected to them, as well as other electronic devices.

With any of the above methods of transmitting information at any site, people are directly involved. They can use various devices and electronic devices. To improve the quality of transmitted information, in order to improve its reliability, methods and techniques for transmitting information are constantly being updated. For example, when improving automated methods, special ones are built into receiving and transmitting devices to reduce interference. The less interference there is, the more information is transmitted.

The quality of information transmission is assessed using indicators such as reliability, reliability and throughput.

Tip 3: By what means can you convey information?

Every day people solve some problems, work on new products, learn something and teach others. And the ability to convey this or that information is very important, so you need to know what tools help in this matter.

Retrospection to the origins

Information is something that every person has in his arsenal. Information can be text, in the form of images, audio and video files, as well as files of various formats (depending on the means of viewing information). There are only differences in the ways of transmitting this information.

It is worth noting that any communication, including communication in writing, regardless of the topic of the conversation, is all about the transfer of information. The most common way to convey such information is to personally tell the person what is needed. Thanks to this, the meaning is not lost, and details can be discussed on the spot.

In the distant past, when for some reason personal communication was impossible, information messages were transmitted through a messenger. However, this method was not perfect, since a person could simply forget some little things, and the meaning of the message would be lost. In this regard, later information began to be transmitted through writing. It was also delivered by a messenger. He could also convey the answer from

Mobile phones and the Internet have become so firmly established in our lives that if they are absent for at least one day, everyone begins to really panic. This immediately begs the question: how could people previously communicate with each other without any technology? This review presents several ancient methods of communication that can still be found today in different parts of the globe.

Modern inhabitants consider Tyrolean singing ( yodel) something akin to funny songs sung by men in short pants. However, back in ancient times, yodeling originated as a means of communication between shepherds in alpine meadows. The purpose of these voice overflows was to shout to the neighboring shepherd or village. And in mountainous areas, as you know, sounds travel over fairly long distances.

The complex mountainous terrain of volcanic origin of the Canary Islands forced local residents ( Guanches) come up with a unique language that resembles a whistle. With its help, messages can be transmitted over a distance of up to 5 km. This language uses only 4 consonants and 2 vowels. Up to 4,000 words can be transmitted in this way. Today, this similar communication can only be heard on the island of La Gomera (that’s why this language is called Homeric whistle).

For many centuries, pigeon mail has been a universal means of communication between distant countries. Because these birds always return to their nest, people attached messages to them and released them into the sky. Pigeons reach speeds of up to 100 km/h. During wars, pigeons were the most reliable postmen. Even with the advent of radio and telegraphs, birds continued to be used on the stock exchange. It was only in the 20th century that carrier pigeons disappeared as unnecessary.

From time immemorial, African peoples have used “talking” drums to transmit information over long distances. With their help, you can reproduce entire syllables that form words in tonal languages.

Another method of communication, known to us more from feature films, is smoke signals. They were actively used on the watchtowers of the Great Wall of China, by Indian tribes in America, as well as in Ancient Greece. This is how the message about the defeat of Troy was transmitted to Mycenae.
When talking about methods of communication, one cannot fail to mention writing. valued at all times. And if earlier the material on which the message was compiled was more valued, now the main thing is literacy.