Participles and participial phrases- these are the same “book” constructions as participles and participial phrases. This syntactic phenomenon is more typical for literary and formal business style. In colloquial and informal speech this phenomenon is not welcome; it is better to replace it and simplify it adverbial constructions, which greatly clutter up spoken language.

Still, sometimes you can’t avoid it use of participial phrases, as well as the use of an official business style (in statements, explanatory statements, etc.), so you need to be aware of the following features of the use of gerunds and participial phrases.

• An action expressed by an adverbial phrase refers only to the active subject. This rule is often violated, and even classics have been seen making similar mistakes. Thus, A.P. Chekhov in one of his stories cites as an example Yarmonkin’s note: « Driving up to this station and looking to nature through the window, I have flew off hat". Due to the incorrect placement of the participial phrase, one may get the impression that it was the hat that was looking out the window, although this fact does not make sense, since Yarmonkin was looking out the window. The following sentence would be correct:

Driving up to the station and looking out the window, I lost hat.

Exception.

Sometimes participles may refer to the infinitive of a verb that expresses the action of another person:

His house was full of guests, ready amuse his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements. (A.S. Pushkin)

In this sentence the gerund is sharing refers to the infinitive amuse.

• When using the form “based on” participial phrase may also not refer to the subject, since this phrase is more perceived as a preposition rather than a gerund:

Findings about student success were done, based on assessment results.

• Due to the fact that adverbial participle refers to the subject, the use of participial phrases in impersonal sentences is not possible:

Going for a morning run, I felt happy.

This sentence makes no sense and is grammatically incorrect. A correct version of the following sentence would be: When I went for a morning run, I felt happy.

• Also for the reason described above it is prohibited use of gerunds in passive constructions:

Coming out of the encirclement, the soldier was wounded in the leg.

To make this sentence correct, it is necessary to replace passive construction to real: When leaving the encirclement, the soldier was wounded in the leg.

• It is not recommended to combine gerunds as homogeneous members sentences, as well as combine them into homogeneous constructions with an adverbial or predicate:

She, wrapped up in a scarf and closing her face was veiled and looked like a frightened sparrow.

• Also, you should not use gerunds in sentences where the role of the predicate is performed by a future tense verb:

Returning V hometown, first thing I do I'll meet you with classmates.

Even though this design is not a serious mistake, but it is still better to simplify it: When I return to my hometown, the first thing I will do is meet my classmates.

The position of the participial phrase in the sentence.

Participial phrase can be positioned relatively freely in a sentence. Despite this, there are some trends in placing the gerund before or after the predicate in a sentence:

• After the predicate verb Usually a gerund is used, which has the meaning of a subsequent action: Elena slipped And fell, dislocated ankle(she first slipped and fell and consequently sprained her ankle).

• Before the predicate verb a gerund is placed, which indicates that the action was performed before the one expressed by the predicate verb. Sometimes such a gerund may also indicate the reason for the action expressed by the predicate:

Delivery passport, me held out to his inspector. Overjoyed, girl loud laughed.

Semantic relations of the gerund and the predicate verb.

Semantic relations between gerunds and predicate verbs is an important factor that influences use of gerunds:

1. Participles perfect form indicate the action that preceded the action, expressed by the predicate: Sighing out of relief, she opened eyes.
2. Participles imperfect form are usually used to emphasize the simultaneity in which actions expressed by both the gerund and the predicate occur: Sobbing out of resentment, she climbed up on my lap.

At distinguishing between perfect and imperfect participles worth paying attention to special attention word order in a sentence, lexical connections and other nuances. Failure to comply with these norms will lead to semantic and grammatical inaccuracies:

Running up to me, the dog licked my nose. There is a mistake in this sentence because the dog first ran up and then licked its nose. But the gerund "running up" has imperfect form, which should mean simultaneity of actions, which cannot be, based on the meaning of the sentence.

Ways of expression and types of circumstances

Circumstance is minor member sentences that can be expressed adverb a combination of a preposition and a noun, a gerund, a participial phrase, a syntactically indivisible phrase, a phraseological unit. Depending on the meaning, the following types of circumstances are distinguished:

1) time;

3) reasons;

5) mode of action;

6) measures and degrees.

1. Determine the type of circumstance

A strange incident happened YESTERDAY.

UNDER THE BRIDGE lay an old snag.

Select... measures and degrees of place of time of the course of action

He is an excellent student.

Select... measures and degrees of place of time of the course of action

I turned the heat down a BIT.

Select... measures and degrees of place of time of the course of action

Beginning of the form

2. Which sentence contains only adverbs of place?

This river flows at a great distance from human habitation, deep in the forest, and getting to it is not so easy (K. Paustovsky)

The sun was setting in the grass, in the fog and dew, and the noise of the train could not drown out the clicking of birds and the shimmer in the bushes on the sides of the canvas (K. Paustovsky).*

All the way it seemed that the “Red Arrow” was barely dragging along, while the train was rushing (K. Paustovsky)

First you need to travel forty kilometers along a narrow-gauge railway (K. Paustovsky)

3. How is the highlighted circumstance expressed?

OUTSIDE THE WIDE WINDOW, snow was flying slantingly, covering the Neva with fog, melting in its dark water (K. Paustovsky)

For wide window Snow flew obliquely, covered the Neva with fog, melted in its dark water (K. Paustovsky)

Choose... a combination of a preposition and a noun idiom adverb adverb

WHILE RUNNING, the boy tripped and fell.

Choose... a combination of a preposition and a noun idiom adverb adverb

They worked neither shaky nor shaky, so the repairs were not completed on time.

Choose... a combination of a preposition and a noun idiom adverb adverb

Features of the use of gerunds in speech

Participle- an unchangeable form of the verb that denotes an additional action. Many adverbial phrases can be replaced by subordinate clauses, for example: Knowing well the life and everyday life of tramps, Gorky was able to vividly depict them in his works. - Gorky was able to vividly portray tramps in his works, since he knew their way of life and life well.

If the offer contains gerund, it corresponds to the verb, indicating the main action. If the writer “forgot” to include such a verb in a sentence, then a speech error occurs, which is usually shown in the famous Chekhov phrase Approaching the station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off.

In this sentence, the verb “flew off” (denotes the main action) refers to the word “hat”, and the gerunds are associated with the action of the speaker, so a curiosity arises: it turns out that the hat was driving and looking out the window.

Sentences in which there is a congestion of gerunds or participial phrases are also unsuccessful: Having quickly dressed and washed, I ran to the river, but, having caught on a snag and tripped, I fell.

1 Specify the offer with speech error

Leaning over the river, the girl dropped her scarf.

Customers walked past Kashtanka, pushing her with their feet, back and forth (A.P. Chekhov)

Using the calculator, the calculation is quick and easy.*

Sitting by the window, I noticed a sparrow fly into the room.

2. In what sentence? subordinate clause Can't it be replaced by an adverbial phrase?

When Plyushkin untied all sorts of ties, he treated the guest to such dust that he sneezed (N.V. Gogol).

When we returned home, it was already dark.*

When I re-read the work, I thought that the main ideas were expressed correctly.

If he does not restore his health, he will not be able to seriously engage in sports.

The use of participles in speech

Lesson topic: “The use of participles in speech”

Lesson type: conversation, practical work

Lesson objectives:

• Show ample opportunities the use of participles in speech;
• Improve the ability to analyze a text, identify the role of participles and participial phrases in it;
• Know the peculiarities of using participles;
• Be able to use participles in sentences and text.

Lesson progress

I. Introductory conversation. Theme formulation. Goal setting.

Guys, do you like humorous stories? Now I want to remind you of a small fragment of A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Book of Complaints”.

“Approaching the station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off.”

Why did Chekhov put this complaint in a humorous book?

What part of speech does the narrator use poorly?

What didn’t he think about, or maybe something he didn’t know? Then, what do you think, having studied the entire topic of “Participations”, what do you need to think about?

Formulate the topic of the lesson(use of gerunds in speech).

What does it mean to correctly use participles (pronounce, use)?

State the objectives of the lesson(know the peculiarities of using participles; be able to use them in sentences and texts; think about the role of gerunds in speech).

II. Updating basic knowledge.

But first of all, in order to use it correctly, you need to recognize the participles! Let's check ourselves(highlight the gerund in each column).

1st option

a) closed;

b) closed;

c) closing.

Option II

a) worked

b) working;

c) development.

On what grounds did you do this?

From the given phrases, select and write down the phrases

gerund + noun:

blue distance

plow the field

crossing the swamps

overgrown places

downed by storm

soaked in dust

moving your legs

By what signs did you find the participle?

What is an adverbial phrase?

When are participial phrases and solitary participles separated?

When is it not isolated?

III. Formation of new concepts.

You know how to recognize participles. Now let's get to the topic. If you need to get acquainted with the rules, let's look at the Theory textbook?

Does it have such rules? (no) So I suggest you do it yourself " scientific discoveries"based on observations, analysis of linguistic facts and phenomena.

1. Let’s get acquainted with the peculiarities of pronunciation of gerunds (orthoepic norms).

Form participles from these verbs(orally):

create	Created in
busy	Zan I'm in
raise	I'm in

What pattern did you notice?

Continue on your own now(in writing).

start (start at)

pon i t (pon i at)

accept (accept)

to arrive (to arrive)

zak u poriv (zak u poriv)

zaple sneve (zapl sneve)

make it easier (make it easier)

deepen and deepen (deepen and deepen)

black (black)

fooling around (playing around)

Test yourself (pronounce correctly).

2. We get acquainted with the peculiarities of using and including gerunds in sentences (grammatical norms).

Text analysis. Read the text expressively. (The text is on everyone’s desk).

It was an unbearably hot July day when I, slowly moving my legs, together with my dog, climbed along the Kolotovsky ravine in the direction of the Pritynny tavern. The sun flared up in the sky, as if becoming fierce; it steamed and burned relentlessly; the air was completely saturated with stifling dust. Glossy rooks and crows, with their noses open, looked pitifully at those passing by, as if asking for their fate; Only the sparrows did not grieve and, fluffing their feathers, chirped and fought along the fences even more furiously than before, took off in unison from the dusty road, and hovered in gray clouds over the green hemp fields. (I. Turgenev. Singers.)

• Determine the topic of the text and the main idea.
• Determine the text style and type of speech.
• What picture is the author creating?
• Find the participles in the text. What role do they play in the text?

Replace these constructions with sentences with gerunds.

Graphically explain the placement of punctuation marks.

The cloud gained strength and slowly rose from behind the forest. –(The cloud, gaining strength, slowly rose from behind the forest.)
The dew drops trembled and shimmered merrily in the sun.–(The dew drops trembled merrily in the sun).

What has changed in the proposals?

Replace one of the verbs with a gerund where possible. Specify the conditions for replacement.
1. My sister was constantly chatting and couldn’t even hear her own words.
2. The baby hummed and clapped his hands.
3. Gerasim walked, took his time, did not let Mumu off the rope.

Correct the errors in the use of gerunds and participial phrases in each sentence.

3. Let's think about the role of gerunds in speech.

Participles, participles… . There is so much trouble with them: you have to pronounce them correctly and use them in a sentence, after thinking carefully. Or maybe they are not so necessary? It seems to me that he convincingly and eloquently answered this question English poet R. Southey with his unusual poem “Lodore Falls”.

(poem sounds)

Boiling,

Hissing

Murmuring,

Grumbling,

Flowing

Spinning

Merging,

Heaving

Bloating

Flickering, rustling,

frolicking and hurrying,

Sliding, hugging,

Sharing and meeting

Caressing, rioting, flying,

Playing, crushing, rustling,

Shining, flying, staggering,

Intertwining, ringing, bubbling,

Soaring, spinning, roaring,

Wrinkling, worrying, rolling,

Throwing, changing, cooing, making noise,

Tossing and foaming, jubilant, thundering,

Trembling, spilling, laughing and chatting,

Rolling, twisting, striving, growing,

Running forward and forward in freedom-loving fervor, -

This is how they fall rough waters in shining, swift Lodore.

What seemed unusual about this poem?(52 gerunds!)

How many of you have seen a real waterfall? Did you hear his noise?

What words in the poem helped you do this? Let's try to do without them.

What role do they play?

• Participles complete the main action and make speech more precise and vivid.
• Sentences with participles are more expressive and picturesque.

IV. Formation of abilities and skills.

And if so, if participles are needed in speech, we will learn to use them. I suggest you do a creative task.

(compose the text “Winter in our city”, correctly including as many gerunds as possible)

Whose works did you like?

At home, you can try to write a poem with participles or a text on another topic.

V. Results.

Our lesson is coming to an end.

What norms for using participles have you become familiar with?

What is the role of gerunds in a sentence?

(The use of gerunds makes speech more precise, dynamic and expressive. The gerunds “decorate” the verb, “finishing” the action).

Teacher's word.

In everyday speech, people rarely use constructions with participial phrases. This happens for several reasons: participial phrases give the text some solemnity, which a person is shy about in ordinary speech; this construction causes many errors when used, which reduces the quality of speech.

Where do you think this knowledge can be useful?

(final test similar to the type of tasks in the Unified State Examination)

Final test

B-I	B-II
1. Which of the words is not a gerund?
a) giving;	a) share;
b) weight;	b) dividing;
c) frying.	c) saw.
2. What numbers should be replaced by commas?
He walked along the path (1) and (2) with his head low (3) he was looking for something.	He stopped working (1) and (2) went to the window (3) opened it.
a) 1,2,3	a) 1,2,3
b) 2.3	b) 2.3
3. Find words with stress on the third syllable:
a) playing around;	a) making it easier;
b) scooping;	b) arrived;
c) going deeper.	c) clogged.
4. Choose the correct continuation of the phrase.
Sitting by the fire	Approaching the forest
a) the wind suddenly blew;	a) the wind seemed to become stronger;
b) we looked at the fire in fascination;	b) you can already feel the freshness of autumn;
c) I remembered the night on the Dnieper.	c) I always feel extraordinary excitement.
5. Choose a synonym for the phraseological unit.
a) headlong;	a) without straightening your back;
b) rolling up your sleeves.	b) hand on heart.

At home, you can make a test on the topic “The use of gerunds in speech.”

Thus, homework optional:

1) write a poem (text) using gerunds or “A word of praise for gerunds”;

2) make a test on the topic studied.

V. Reflection.

I thank everyone for their cooperation and ask, when leaving the lesson, to think about how it went for you personally, and “shoot” at a kind of target with the columns: “Useful”, “Interesting”, “Boring”, “Difficult”.

The FIPI analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language says: “Most often they are incorrectly classified as parts of speech verbal adjectives, derived function words, there is no distinction between participles and gerunds, adjectives and adverbs, participles and adjectives.”

We would like to once again remind you of the differences between verbal adjectives and participles.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both forms can be formed from the same verb participles , so verbal adjectives . If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn using the suffix - box - a participle is formed burning, and using the suffix - yuch - - adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn - or - them -), it is more difficult to distinguish them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.

1. Pr and parts indicate a temporary sign of an object associated with his participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives indicate constant sign subject (for example, ‘arising as a result of an action’, ‘capable of participating in the action’), for example:

She was raised with strict rules (=She was brought up with strict rules)- participle;

She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered and educated).

2. Word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is verbal adjective , if it is formed from the verb NSV andhas no dependent words , and is a participle if it is formed from a verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:

unmown meadows ( adjective ),

not mowed meadows ( participle, because there is a dependent word ),

mown meadows ( participle, because NE ).

3. Because passive participles only transitive verbs can have the present tense; words with suffixes -them-, -eating- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or intransitive verb:

? waterproof boots(adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning ‘to let water through’ is intransitive),

? invincible army(adjective, because the verb is to defeat SV).

Let us dwell in more detail on the formation of the forms of some participles and gerunds.

Participle forms

1. From options wandered - wandered, acquired - acquired, dragged - dragged the first is used in book speech, the second in colloquial speech.

2. Unprefixed verbs with suffix -Well- type go out, get wet, dry up retain this suffix in participles, for example: deaf, sticky, wet, blind.

Prefixed verbs of this type tend to lose the suffix in the participle form, for example: frozen, deaf, stuck, sour, wet, blind. In some cases, forms with the suffix ( stuck, disappeared) or parallel forms: with and without suffix ( withered - withered, withered - withered, dried up - dried up, comprehended - comprehended, stuck - stuck, withered - withered and some others).

3. When using reflexive participles with a suffix -xia one should take into account the possibility of their two meanings coinciding - passive and reflexive, which can give rise to ambiguity, for example: the combination “animals going to the zoo” (instead of: animals sent to the zoo).

Forms of participles

1. From optionshaving taken - having taken, having met - having met, having bought - having bought etc. first (with suffix-V ) is normative for literary language, second (with suffix- lice ) is colloquial in nature. Forms on- lice preserved in proverbs and sayings, for example:Having given your word, be strong; When you take off your head, you don't cry through your hair .

2. Possible optionsfrozen - frozen, locked - locked, wiped - wiped, stretched - spread, erased - erased (the second form in each pair is conversational in nature). But onlybringing out (not “having brought it out”),sweeping (not “sweep it out”),having acquired (not “having found”),driving (not “driving”),making a mistake (not “mistaken”),passing (not “carried through”), etc.

In pairs sticking out - sticking out(cf. run with your tongue out), putting - putting(cf. hand on heart), gaping - gaping(cf. listen open-mouthed), fastened - fastened(cf. agree reluctantly), breaking - breaking(cf. rush headlong), having lowered - after(cf. work carelessly) etc. the second forms are outdated and are preserved only in stable phraseological expressions. Wed. also outdated shade in forms remembering, meeting, noticing, bored, discovering, turning, leaving, forgiving, falling out of love, setting apart, seeing, hearing etc.

3. Stylistically colored (like ancient folk speech) are the adverbial forms in -uchi(-yuchi) : looking, warming, walking, driving, regretting, tenacious etc. In the meaning of adverbs, the forms are used playfully(cf. do it playfully), sneaking(cf. slink), happily(cf. live happily ever after), skillfully(cf. use skillfully) and some others.

Participial phrase

Large quantity Errors are allowed in the use of participial phrases. Let's break it down into specific example. Let's take a sentence:

The book lying on the table has been read.

Its disadvantage lies in the incorrect word order: defined nounbookfound itself in the middle of a participle clause. According to the rules, the defined noun must appear either before the entire phrase or after it. Wed: 1)The book lying on the table has been read;2) The book lying on the table has been read. Another example: "The student who writes the essay without a single mistake will receive a high mark. " Is it possible to say that? Will the combinations created using this example be correct: “an athlete who can run a hundred meters in ten seconds », « prisoner trying to escape "? No, because participles have only two forms of time - present and past, but they do not have future tense. Therefore, from perfective verbs(write, be able to, try)participles on-schyare not formed. In these cases, the participial phrase is replaced by a subordinate attributive clause:the student who will write; an athlete who can run; a prisoner who tries to escape. Is it possible to say this: “Everyone who wishes to speak at the meeting will have the floor "? No, because from verbs in the form conditional mood(with particlewould)participles are not formed. In these cases, the participial phrase is also replaced by a subordinate attributive clause:Anyone who wishes...

« Fruits of the new harvest, shipped from the south, are already arriving in the industrial centers of the country " You may feel a little uneasy reading this sentence out loud. And indeed: isn’t it possible that the fruits “send themselves” to the north? The point is that the suffix-xiain verbal forms it has not only a reflexive meaning (cf.:The students goVhiking),but also a passive meaning when an object experiences someone’s influence (cf.:Replies to letters are sent by the secretary without delay).To avoid possible ambiguity, in such cases we use instead of the participle-xiaparticiple on-my(passive present participle), i.e. instead of the construction “Fruits,departing..."we write:Fruits,sent...Instead of "Girl"brought uploominggrandmother..." -Girl,brought upgrandma...

Using a participial phrase helps remove ambiguity in a sentence. For example:Students had an internshipVone of the plant's workshops, which was recently reorganized(was one of the workshops or the plant as a whole reorganized?).

The participial phrase brings the necessary clarity: 1)...in one of the plant’s workshops, recently reorganized;2) ...in one of the workshops of the recently reorganized plant.

The stylistic feature of participles and participial phrases is that they give the statement a bookish character.A.S. Pushkin wrote: “We do not say:a carriage galloping across a bridge; servant sweeping the room;we say:which gallops, which sweeps..."The above reasoning of Pushkin, who noted the “expressive brevity of participles,” has the following continuation: “The richer the language in expressions and turns of phrase, the better for a skilled writer. Written language is enlivened every minute by expressions born in conversation, but must not renounce what he has acquired over the centuries.”

Participial phrase

Everyone knows the textbook phrase from A.P. Chekhov’s story: “ Approaching this station, my hat fell off".

Its meaning is clear, but the sentence is constructed unsuccessfully: the rule for using participial phrases is violated.

The adverbial phrase usually moves freely within the sentence: it can appear at the beginning, in the middle and at the end.

For example: 1) Upon entering the classroom, the teacher greeted the students; 2) The teacher, entering the class, greeted the students; 3) The teacher greeted the students upon entering the class. As examples show, action, expressed by a gerund(entering) refers to the subject.

This provision is not observed in the epigraph: it refers to two active objects in grammatical meaning this word is about the passenger (he was approaching the station) and about the hat (it flew off), and the action of the passenger does not relate to the subject. It is easy to verify the incorrect construction of this sentence if you rearrange the adverbial phrase: “As the passenger approached the station, his hat flew off.”

Compare in a student essay: “ Living and moving in an aristocratic society, Onegin developed the habits and views inherent in this society”(it turned out that in an aristocratic society “habits and views lived and circulated”).

It is possible to use the participial phrase in impersonal offer at indefinite form verb, for example: When crossing the street, you need to carefully monitor traffic. In such sentences there is neither a grammatical nor a logical subject (i.e., the subject of speech expressed in an impersonal sentence by the indirect case of a noun). But a sentence like: “ Approaching the forest, I felt cold": it does not contain an infinitive to which an adverbial phrase could refer.

The adverbial phrase, like the participle, is usually used in book speech. Its undoubted advantage is brevity and laconism. Let's compare two sentences: After I finished my homework, I went for a walk. - After finishing my homework, I went for a walk. It is easy to notice that the second sentence, more condensed in its vocabulary, sounds more energetic than the first.

Participles and participial phrases are highly expressive, which is why they are widely used in the language fiction. For example: The fogs, swirling and twisting, crawled there along the wrinkles of the neighboring rocks(M. Yu. Lermontov); From time to time, light ripples ran along the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun(V. G. Korolenko).