Content

A constant urge to urinate and nagging pain in the lower abdomen are symptoms of an acute form of cystitis. The pathology is accompanied by fever, nausea, and vomiting. Due to the need to frequently go to the toilet, the patient is limited in movement. Every second woman has encountered this disease at least once in her life, men - eight times less often.

What is cystitis

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder is called cystitis. Women are more susceptible to the disease due to the structure of the urethra. Their urethra is wider and shorter - vaginal infections can reach the bladder and cause inflammation.

There are three stages of pathology development:

1. Serous. There is a gradual cloudiness of the urine due to an increased number of leukocytes and epithelial cells.
2. Mucous. When emptying, thick mucus appears, the amount of which increases as the pathology develops.
3. Purulent. In advanced cases, clots of pus are observed in the urine, and a sharp unpleasant odor emanates from the patient.

Based on the origin and nature of the course, the following forms of pathology are distinguished:

• Primary or secondary cystitis. In the first case, the pathology develops as an independent disease. In the second, it is a consequence of diseases of the urinary system (tumor, urolithiasis) or nearby tissues (adenoma, prostate cancer, chronic inflammation of the genital organs).
• Infectious or non-infectious variety. The main cause of inflammation is bacteria, viruses, fungi. Less commonly, pathology is a consequence of radiotherapy, exposure to harmful substances, medications, allergies, and poor nutrition.
• Chronic or acute form of cystitis. The second type occurs with pronounced symptoms. The main cause of the chronic form of the disease is the formation of antibiotic-resistant colonies by bacteria. The pathology can last for years, when periods of remission alternate with exacerbation.
• Hemorrhagic cystitis. The bladder tissue is damaged and blood vessels burst, causing blood particles to be found in the urine.

Inflammation can be caused by difficult or incomplete emptying of the bladder, which disrupts detrusor tone.

The result is stagnation, decomposition of urine, and the development of infection. Other provoking factors are:

• damage to the bladder mucosa;
• endocrine pathologies;
• hypothermia of the pelvic organs;
• lack of vitamins;
• sedentary life;
• venous stagnation of blood in the pelvic organs;
• venereal or gynecological pathologies;
• fatty and spicy foods;
• infection in the body;
• unprotected sex;
• poor hygiene.

Other causative agents of cystitis:

• gram-negative bacteria - Escherichia coli (95% of cases), saprophytic staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus;
• gram-positive bacteria (2% of cases) – streptococci, Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis;
• viruses – herpes, influenza, polyoma, adenovirus;
• fungi (candida).

Symptoms of acute cystitis

Manifestations of acute inflammation last two to three days. Then they fade and may go away without treatment. Acute cystitis in women is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• Frequent urination. In severe cases, the patient goes to the toilet every 15-20 minutes, and a small amount of urine comes out.
• Burning in the urethra.
• Constant feeling of a full bladder.
• To hold urine, you have to constantly strain your pelvic muscles.
• Acute pain in the perineum and bladder area after emptying - from slight discomfort to an unbearable condition.
• Urine is cloudy and has an unpleasant odor.
• High temperature, chills.
• Vomiting, nausea.
• Hematuria (with blood in the urine).

Men get sick less often, but suffer more severely. Lack of treatment can develop into prostatitis or urethritis. Signs of cystitis in men:

• pain in the penis, groin area when urinating;
• discomfort in the rectal area;
• constant desire to defecate;
• fever, feeling unwell, weakness;
• cloudy urine.

How to cure cystitis

The treatment regimen for acute cystitis does not differ between women and men. Follow all doctor's instructions, take prescribed medications, follow a diet, and do not smoke.

Acute cystitis requires bed rest and complex therapy.

Drug therapy for acute cystitis

The choice of medications depends on the type of pathogen: it is impossible to cure a fungal or bacterial infection using antiviral drugs. To get rid of bacterial flora, it is necessary to undergo a course of antibiotic therapy. If the urine is red, hemostatic agents will help. The duration of treatment depends on the medicine and its effectiveness.

Anti-inflammatory drugs

The development of inflammation is blocked by anti-inflammatory drugs. This leads to tissue healing and pain reduction. The dosage and duration of treatment are prescribed by the urologist, based on the clinical picture of the disease. The course of therapy lasts 2-3 weeks. In the treatment of cystitis, drugs from the group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have received good reviews. Their action is aimed at inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins (inflammatory mediators):

• Diclofenac (suppositories, tablets). It has strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, but is not combined with diuretics. Dosage: 100-150 mg per day. Price: 10 candles – 15 rubles, 20 tablets. – 20 rub.
• Nurofen (tablets). Active ingredient: ibuprofen. Relieves pain, inflammation, swelling, temperature. Dosage: 1-2 tablets. 3 times a day. Price: 10 pcs. – 60-80 rub.
• Indomethacin (tablets). It has a strong anti-inflammatory effect, relieves fever, and prevents platelet aggregation. Dosage: 1-2 tablets. 2-3 times a day. Price: 10 pcs. – 10-30 rub.

These medications should not be taken for ulcers, intestinal inflammation, hematopoietic disorders, or problems with blood clotting. The drugs are not recommended for renal, liver or heart failure, or allergies to aspirin.

Antispasmodics for cystitis

Antispasmodics, which relieve spasms of the bladder muscles, will help relieve an attack of cystitis. Doctors recommend the following drugs:

• No-shpu (tablets). Active ingredient: drotaverine. Indications: gastrointestinal disorders. Daily dosage: 160 mg (4 tablets divided into 2-3 doses). Contraindications: allergies, severe liver, heart or kidney failure. Price: 60 rub. for 6 tablets
• Baralgin (injections, tablets). Active ingredients: metamizole sodium, pitofenone hydrochloride. It has analgesic, antipyretic effects, relieves spasms and inflammation. Contraindicated in case of renal or liver failure, problems with hematopoiesis, prostate hypertrophy with urinary retention. Dosage: 6 tablets. per day, intramuscularly – from 2 to 5 ml 2 times a day. Price: 5 ampoules – 200 RUR, 10 tablets. – 100 rub.
• Papaverine. Active substance: papaverine hydrochloride. Has a vasodilator and antispasmodic effect. Contraindications: hypotension, simultaneous treatment with MAO inhibitors, glaucoma, broncho-obstructive syndrome, liver failure. Cannot be taken after 75 years of age due to risk of hyperthermia. Dosage: 40-60 mg 3-4 times a day. Price: 10 tablets – 10 rub.

Antibiotic therapy

Antibiotics are used to treat cystitis. The duration of treatment is from 3 to 10 days.

If the bacteria survive, they can cause a relapse. Antibiotics should not be taken for longer than the recommended period. If the medicine does not work within a week, it is ineffective and the drug is replaced.

Acute bacterial cystitis is treated with the following means:

• Monural (powder). Active ingredient: fosfomycin. Effective against urinary tract infections - E. coli, Citrobacter spp., Proteus spp. Klebsiella spp. Contraindications: severe renal failure, hemodialysis. Use once - 1 packet before bedtime. In severe cases, the dose is repeated every other day. Price 1 package from 300 rub.
• Nolicin (tablets). Active ingredient: norfloxacin from the group of fluoroquinolones. Has a wide spectrum of action against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic bacteria. Contraindications: allergies, pregnancy, lactation, age under 18 years. Dosage: 400 mg 2 times a day. The course of treatment is 3 days. Price for 10 tablets – from 150 rub.
• Rulid (tablets). Active ingredient: roxithromycin from the macrolide group. Broad-spectrum antibiotic. Dosage: 1 tablet. 2 times a day. Do not use simultaneously with medications containing ergotamine and dihydroergotamine. Use with caution in case of renal and hepatic insufficiency. Price: 10 tablets from 840 rub.

Antiviral therapy

For a viral infection, antiviral drugs are prescribed:

• Acyclovir (tablets). Effective against herpes viruses types 1 and 2, chickenpox, herpes zoster, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus. Dosage: 200 mg 5 times a day. The course of therapy is 5 days, extended if necessary. Contraindicated if you are allergic to the components of the drug. Price: 20 tablets – from 30 rub.
• Laferon (injections). Active ingredient: interferon alpha-2b. It is an immunostimulant that is prescribed for bacterial, viral, and mixed infections. Contraindications: severe kidney, liver, heart diseases, psoriasis, pregnancy. The dosage and course of treatment are determined by the doctor. Not sold in Moscow pharmacies, only via the Internet. Price 1 bottle from 150 rub.

Antifungal agents

If the cause of inflammation is a fungus, drugs are prescribed aimed at destroying the pathogen.

For treatment to be effective, it is necessary to undergo tests to determine its type.

Fungal infections of the bladder are often caused by pathogens from the Candida group. To eradicate them, the following means are used:

• Diflucan (capsules). Active ingredient: fluconazole. The medicine is used once. Dosage – 1 pc. (150 mg). The medicine cannot be used while taking another medicine with fluconazole. Price: 1 capsule – from 370 rub.
• Amphotericin (powder for injection). A broad-spectrum drug. Prescribed when treatment with other antifungal agents is ineffective. The dosage and course of therapy are prescribed by the doctor. Contraindications – allergies. Price for a 10 ml bottle – 35 rubles.

Treatment of acute cystitis with herbal remedies

Herbal medicines are prescribed as complex therapy. They relieve inflammation, pain, and inhibit the growth of bacteria. For the treatment of cystitis the following is prescribed:

• Phytolysin;
• Uroprofit;
• Cyston;
• Krenfors.

The following remedies have shown high effectiveness for cystitis:

• Monurel (granules). Contains ascorbic acid and cranberries containing proanthocyanidins. They stop the growth of bacteria and strengthen the immune system. Directions for use: dissolve 3 g of granules in 1/3 tbsp. water and drink. The medicine is taken 1 time, in severe cases repeat after 24 hours.
• Canephron (drops, tablets). The product contains rosemary, lovage, centaury. Herbs have anti-inflammatory, vasodilating, diuretic effects, and inhibit bacterial growth. Dosage: 50 drops 3 times a day, undiluted. The duration of treatment is determined by the urologist.

Folk remedies for exacerbation of cystitis

Drug therapy at home can be combined with folk remedies. Before using them, you should consult a urologist. Recipe examples:

• 2 tbsp. pour 500 ml of boiling water over crushed rosehip roots. Bring to a boil, simmer over low heat for 15 minutes. Remove, wrap in a towel, and let cool. Drink 125 ml 4 times a day before meals for 7 days.
• Mix 1 tbsp. bearberry and lingonberry leaves, pour 2 tbsp. water, keep on low heat for 40 minutes. Remove, cool, strain. Take ¼ cup before meals until the symptoms of inflammation disappear.
• Pour 150 g of fresh rowan bark into a liter of water and boil for 10 minutes. Drink like tea, adding 1-2 tsp to a glass. honey
• Take a glass of millet and pour 250 ml of boiling water. Cook for 10 minutes. Give 5 minutes. let it brew, drain off excess water. On the first day, eat 1 tablespoon every hour, on the second – 3 tablespoons, on the third and subsequent days – half a glass. The course of treatment is a week.
• Dilute 5-10 drops of propolis tincture in water. Use 5 to 10 times a day for a week.

Treatment regimen for cystitis during pregnancy

Many medications for acute bladder inflammation are prohibited during pregnancy. The treatment regimen is determined by the doctor after studying the tests. During pregnancy the following is prescribed:

• Monural. An antibiotic is used if the expected effect for the mother exceeds the risk for the fetus. The drug does not have a teratogenic or fetotoxic effect on the baby, but it is better to abstain from it in the first trimester.
• Flemoxin (antibiotic amoxicillin from the penicillin group). The product does not have a negative effect on the fetus; its use during pregnancy has been confirmed by clinical studies.
• Suprax (antibiotic cefixime from the group of third-generation cephalosporins). According to the instructions, the drug is prescribed in the II and III trimesters. In the first case, it is better to refrain from using it.
• No-Shpa. The antispasmodic does not have a negative effect on the health of the mother and fetus.
• Canephron. The manufacturer does not recommend the drug due to insufficient research, but no negative effects on the fetus or the pregnant woman were found.
• Augmentin (amoxicillin from the penicillin group, clavulanic acid). Can be used during pregnancy (except the first trimester) and lactation, but only as a last resort. Taking the drug while pregnant can cause necrotizing enterocolitis (severe intestinal disease).

If it is not possible to avoid taking medications, urologists recommend instillation. The method involves drip injection of a drug solution into the urethra or bladder. This reduces the risk of side effects to a minimum. After 1-2 procedures, the symptoms of the disease subside, the damaged mucous membrane is restored.

Relapse Prevention

To prevent re-inflammation of the bladder, you must adhere to the following rules:

• Change your underwear regularly.
• Wash your genitals daily with warm water without soap or shower gels.
• Maintain hygiene during menstruation.
• Do not endure the urge to defecate for a long time. Stagnant urine is a breeding ground for bacteria that cause inflammation.
• Drink plenty of water. This will help prevent stagnation of urine, reducing the likelihood of inflammation.
• Avoid hypothermia - this leads to weakened immunity.
• Avoid wearing tight clothing. This causes circulatory problems, compresses blood vessels, and slows down the supply of useful substances to the tissues.
• If you have a sedentary job or a sedentary lifestyle, do a 5-minute warm-up once an hour. Do exercises in the morning.

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Acute cystitis is an acute inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the bladder, often of infectious origin.

Acute cystitis affects mainly females; the peak incidence occurs in the age group ranging from 20 to 40 years—virtually every third woman suffers here. In total, up to 36 million cases of this disease are diagnosed annually in Russia. If every third woman suffers from acute cystitis, then among men only 7 people out of 10,000. This fact is explained by the peculiarity of the female urethra: it is much shorter and wider than the male urethra, which facilitates infection of the bladder from the outside.

There are acute primary and acute secondary cystitis. In the first case, the disease is an independent nosological entity and occurs mainly in women. In the second, it complicates the course of other diseases, for example, prostate adenoma, and is detected mainly in men.

Despite the fact that the mucous membrane of the bladder has a pronounced local immunity, and it can contain a certain number of microbes without causing inflammation, nevertheless, it is believed that the trigger is general or local hypothermia of the body and a weakening of its general defenses. This usually results in microbes present in the bladder being able to multiply freely and cause illness. The reasons may be neglect of the rules of intimate hygiene (this mainly applies to women), pathology of the anatomical structures surrounding the bladder, the effects of infectious agents, drugs and chemicals on the bladder mucosa. In some cases, the causes are microtrauma of the urethra and bladder mucosa during catheterization or sexual intercourse. However, most often acute cystitis is caused by a combination of several factors.

The microbial spectrum of cystitis pathogens is represented by a wide range of microorganisms. The most common among them are staphylococci, Escherichia coli, and Proteus. Fungi and Trichomonas are often found in the urine. Adenoviral infections in males are often complicated by viral cystitis, when the infection enters the bladder through the blood. There are four ways for infection to enter the bladder:

• The ascending pathway in women is from the genitals and intestines.
• Descending pathway from the kidneys during their inflammation.
• With blood flow from other foci of infection in the body.
• During instrumental medical procedures.

Acute cystitis begins with pain in the lower abdomen and a frequent imperative urge to urinate. Urination is accompanied by burning and itching in the genital and perineal area. After urination, pain may appear in these areas. Each time urination becomes more frequent, and the amount of urine released decreases. Pain in the urethra, blood or pus in the urine, and sometimes a foul odor. Urinary incontinence occurs periodically. Increased body temperature, vomiting, chills and pain in the lumbar region may indicate involvement of the kidneys in the pathological process.

The presence of the following symptoms in acute cystitis is generally accepted: difficulty urinating, the presence of blood in the urine and the presence of pus in it. Although we can talk about acute cystitis when the number of leukocytes in a urine test increases and clinical manifestations of the disease are present.

Diagnosis of acute cystitis

• General urine analysis.
• Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko.
• Culture of urine on nutrient media to identify pathogens.
• Polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of major infections.
• Study of vaginal microflora for dysbacteriosis.
• Ultrasound scanning of the abdominal organs to exclude concomitant pathologies.
• Cystoscopy (performed only after the end of the inflammatory process).
• If indicated, a biopsy may be performed.

Treatment of acute cystitis

Bed rest is usually prescribed. Spicy seasonings, sauces, canned foods, and alcohol are excluded from the diet. Preference is given to vegetables, fruits, and dairy products. Thermal procedures have a good analgesic and antispasmodic effect: warm general baths and a heating pad on the bladder area. In case of severe dysuric phenomena, the prescription of antispasmodics is indicated. In some cases, for severe pain, even narcotic analgesics can be used. Antibacterial therapy is mandatory, taking into account the sensitivity of microorganisms if possible. It is advisable to use antibiotics for a course of at least 2 weeks. This time is usually enough for the patient's condition to return to normal.

Essential drugs

There are contraindications. Specialist consultation is required.

• Fosfomycin trometamol () is an antibiotic of the group of phosphonic acid derivatives, a uroantiseptic. Dosage regimen: for adults, the drug is prescribed 3 g 1 time/day. The course of treatment is 1 day. If necessary (for severe or recurrent infections, for elderly people), the drug can be repeated at a dose of 3 g after 24 hours. Before taking, the granules are dissolved in 1/3 glass of water. The drug is taken 1 time/day. on an empty stomach 2 hours before or after meals (preferably before bedtime), after emptying the bladder.
• Nitrofurantoin (broad-spectrum antibacterial agent for urinary infections). Dosage regimen: The adult dose is 50 mg orally every 6 hours. The duration of treatment is 7 days.
• (an antibacterial drug from the fluoroquinolone group). Dosage regimen: for acute cystitis, 250 mg orally 2 times a day. The duration of treatment is 3 days.
• (an antibacterial drug from the fluoroquinolone group). Dosage regimen: the drug is prescribed orally for adults - 200 mg, frequency of use - 2 times a day. The course of treatment is 3 days.

Acute cystitis is an inflammation of the mucous layer of the bladder. According to statistics, fifty percent of the female population have encountered this unpleasant disease at least once in their lives. Although the statistics among men are more comforting, representatives of the stronger sex are not immune from the appearance of symptoms of cystitis.

The main cause of acute cystitis is exposure to an infectious agent on the inner membrane. In order to cure the disease, it is necessary to know what type of pathogen caused the inflammation.

A doctor can provide this information after conducting a bacteriological examination. What causes an attack of acute cystitis, how does it manifest clinically and is it possible to relieve it at home?

Reasons

The bladder can become infected in the following ways:

1. Rising. The infection spreads upward from the urethra.
2. Descending. Pathogenic microflora moves in the direction of urine flow during the inflammatory process in the kidneys.
3. Hematogenous. Pathogens penetrate through the bloodstream from chronic foci of infection. The cause of such infection can be carious teeth, cholecystitis, tonsillitis, and furunculosis.
4. Lymphogenic. The lymphatic vessels of the pelvic organs collect infection from the genitals and lower intestines.
5. Direct. Occurs when ulcers located in nearby organs are opened.

Important! E. coli accounts for about eighty percent of cases of acute cystitis.

The following factors play a major role in the occurrence of acute cystitis:

• pregnancy. The enlarging uterus puts pressure on the urinary tract and provokes stagnation;
• prostatitis. Swelling and growth of the prostate gland disrupts the natural flow of urine;
• structural abnormalities of the urinary system;
• injuries;
• violation of personal hygiene rules;
• circulatory disorders in the pelvis;
• incomplete or untimely emptying of the bladder;
• vitamin deficiency, hypothermia, fatigue, weakened immunity;
• overactive bladder;
• reflux urine.

Acute cystitis can be caused by:

1. Representatives of the intestinal microflora: Escherichia coli, Proteus, Enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae.
2. Representatives of sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, trichomonas, mycoplasma, yeast-like fungi, ureaplasma.
3. Nosocomial infections: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, viruses, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Symptoms

The manifestation of acute cystitis depends on three main factors:

• prevalence of the pathological process;
• depth of lesion;
• degree of blood vessel involvement.

Classic signs of acute cystitis include the following symptoms:

• frequent urge to urinate. If normally during the daytime a person walks “smallly” up to eight times, and at night - a maximum of two, then with inflammation the urge occurs every few hours, or even more often;
• excretion of a meager amount of urine;
• at the end of urination, cutting, burning and painful sensations occur, and sometimes blood appears;
• feeling of an incompletely emptied bladder;
• pain in the suprapubic region radiates to the groin and perineum;
• urine loses transparency, becomes cloudy and in severe cases takes on the appearance of meat slop.

When the bladder neck is involved in the process, urinary incontinence occurs. The development of a diffuse process is indicated by an increase in temperature and chills.

Acute cystitis with blood

When blood occurs not only at the end of urination, but also from the very beginning. The urine may turn pale pink or even dirty brown. This largely depends on the stage of the pathological process. Urine acquires an unpleasant odor. In some cases, entire blood clots are passed in the urine.

The following reasons can provoke hemorrhagic cystitis:

• if a person endures for a long time and does not empty the bladder. As a result, muscle fibers are overstretched and blood circulation is impaired;
• neurogenic conditions can negatively affect the contractile function of the bladder;
• the presence of a foreign body or a growing tumor.

One of the most dangerous complications of hematuria is blockage of the urethra with a blood clot. The bladder becomes distended because urine is produced but cannot be released. In addition, pathogenic microorganisms can easily enter the systemic circulation through damaged blood vessels. This is fraught with blood poisoning.

Acute cystitis in women

Features of the anatomical structure contribute to the prevalence of cystitis among the female population:

• short urethra;
• the external opening of the urethra is located close to the vagina and anus.

In most cases, pathogens first enter the urethra and then enter the bladder cavity. As a rule, cystitis is closely associated with colpitis and bacterial vaginosis.

Acute cystitis in men

In men, pathology is observed in the following cases:

• with inflammation of the prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis and urethra;
• during catheterization of the bladder to examine the organ;
• during instrumental examination of the urological system.

Acute cystitis in children

The acute process quite often develops in children and the treatment process is not fundamentally different from the treatment of adults. In the first year of life, both boys and girls get sick with the same frequency, but the disease is most common among girls seven to eight years old.

The causes of childhood cystitis may include the following factors:

• hypothermia;
• past infections;
• developmental anomalies of the urinary system.

The following pathogens can cause childhood cystitis: chlamydia, streptococci, staphylococci, E. coli. A child can become infected with chlamydia in a family where basic personal hygiene rules are not followed, as well as when visiting a swimming pool or bathhouse.

In young children, the presence of acute cystitis can be judged by the following signs:

• irritability, moodiness;
• cry when urinating;
• refusal to feed;
• hyperthermia.

Acute cystitis during pregnancy

WHAT DO DOCTORS SAY?

Doctor of Medical Sciences, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation and Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Anton Vasiliev:

“I have been treating diseases of the genitourinary system for many years. According to statistics from the Ministry of Health, cystitis in 60% of cases becomes chronic.

The main mistake is delaying! The sooner you start treating cystitis, the better. There is a remedy that is recommended for self-treatment and prevention of cystitis at home, since many patients do not seek help due to lack of time or shame. This is Ureferon. It is the most versatile. It contains no synthetic components, its effect is mild, but noticeable after the first day of use. It relieves inflammation, strengthens the walls of the bladder, its mucous membrane, and restores general immunity. It is suitable for both women and men. For men there will also be a pleasant bonus - increased potency. »

Approximately ten percent of pregnant women experience acute cystitis and this is due to the following reasons:

• chronic foci of infectious process;
• vaginal dysbiosis;
• mechanical compression of the organ;
• hormonal changes.

Important! Even overwork can cause acute cystitis in a pregnant woman .

Cystitis during pregnancy can be allergic in nature. Allergens may include:

• decorative cosmetics;
• food;
• shower gel;
• bath foams and more.

Most medications are prohibited during pregnancy due to toxic effects on the fetus. For this reason, herbal medicines form the basis of the healing process. Herbal treatment continues until urine tests normalize.

Antibacterial therapy is a last resort measure that is prescribed if the development of pyelonephritis is suspected. In this case, inpatient treatment is indicated. Pregnant women are prescribed a dairy-vegetable diet.

Complications of acute cystitis

Acute cystitis is dangerous due to its complications:

• . The process involves not only the mucous layer, but also the muscular layer of the bladder. This threatens the organ’s shrinkage and loss of functional activity;
• . Blood discharge can be so profuse that it leads to significant blood loss;
• . The infection spreads along the ascending tract and reaches the kidneys. In severe cases, pyelonephritis is life-threatening;
• reflux of urine. There is a reverse flow of urine towards the kidneys;
• During pregnancy, the disease threatens premature birth or the birth of a low-weight baby.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of acute cystitis is not difficult. Usually the clinical picture clearly indicates the presence of an inflammatory process in the bladder. Additional research will help confirm the doctor’s assumptions.

A general urine test is of great diagnostic value. Microscopy of sediment reveals the following changes:

• increased levels of red blood cells and white blood cells. If normally these elements are present in single values, then in acute inflammation they can cover the entire field of vision;
• a large amount of mucus;
• presence of bacteria.

To identify the pathogen, bacteriological urine culture is performed. For analysis you will need a morning urine sample. Before collecting biomaterial, you must wash yourself. Urine is collected in a sterile container, which is best purchased at a pharmacy.

Important! Correct collection of biological material is the key to accurate diagnosis. Women are strictly prohibited from taking a urine test during menstruation.

An ultrasound examination is performed with a full and empty bladder. This will help rule out neurogenic dysfunction.

The doctor conducts a differential analysis of acute cystitis with the following diseases:

• pyelonephritis;
• appendicitis;
• paraproctitis;
• neoplasms;

Treatment

Several factors influence the choice of treatment tactics:

• age;
• presence of concomitant diseases;
• presence of pregnancy.

Important! Most often, treatment of acute cystitis is carried out on an outpatient basis. The doctor may decide to hospitalize in case of severe intoxication and suspicion of acute pyelonephritis.

General principles of treatment

Treatment of acute cystitis includes following these recommendations:

• compliance with bed rest;
• drinking enough fluids;
• refusal of foods that irritate the bladder mucosa: spicy, fried, alcohol, coffee;
• compliance with the rules of intimate hygiene;
• for the period of treatment, abstain from sexual intercourse;
• monitor bowel movements.

Drugs

Treatment of acute cystitis includes the use of the following drugs:

• antibiotics;
• antispasmodics;
• herbal medicines;
• corticosteroids;
• anti-inflammatory drugs;
• non-steroidal drugs.

Antibiotic therapy is an important element of the treatment process for cystitis. It affects the very cause of the disease, completely eliminating it. For acute cystitis, the following antibiotics are prescribed:

• nitrofuran series – Furadonin;
• fluoroquinolones – Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin;
• macrolides – ;
• cephalosporins – Cefixime.

The treatment course lasts seven to ten days. Warming home procedures should never be carried out at high temperatures. Taking a hot bath is prohibited! It is allowed to place a warm heating pad on the suprapubic area.

Medicinal decoctions that have diuretic and antiseptic effects are used as herbal medicine:

• bear ears;
• kidney collection;
• lingonberry leaves.

How to relieve an attack of acute cystitis

In case of severe pain, you should immediately call an ambulance. Before the team arrives, you can do the following:

• lie down;
• to warm up, make foot baths;
• wear warm socks and wrap yourself in a warm blanket;
• drink warm tea based on medicinal herbs.

You can relieve an attack using traditional methods of struggle:

• Place a hot stone in a bucket and warm it up over the bucket. Granite is best suited for this. You need to sit on the bucket and wrap yourself in a blanket. The procedure lasts fifteen minutes;
• Brew dry eucalyptus leaves in a liter of water and let it brew for two hours. Use a ready-made remedy in the form of douches, this will help relieve an attack of pain. This recipe is even suitable for hematuria;
• A decoction of rosehip roots contains a large amount of ascorbic acid. Vitamin C is known to help the body better fight infection. Twenty minutes before meals, drink half a glass of broth.

If this is not the first time you have had an attack and it was provoked by an exacerbation, then you can soften the symptoms with the help of antimicrobial agents: Furadonin, Monural, Nolitsin. As an emergency, take two Furadonin tablets.

The drug has not only antimicrobial properties, but also a diuretic, so at the same time drink enough liquid. After the first urination, the pain will subside. After an hour, be sure to eat, because these medications can have side effects.

Monural is taken once, 2 g of the drug is diluted in water. As for Nolicin, it is taken one tablet twice a day for three days.

Treatment of acute cystitis at home

The following pharmaceutical preparations will help relieve spasm and pain at home:

• Analgin;
• No-shpa;
• Spasmalgon;
• Rectal suppositories: Ketorol or Diclofenac.

At home you can use herbal preparations:

• Monurel. It contains cranberry extract. The product strengthens the body's defenses;
• Phytolysin. Available in paste form. The composition of the drug includes plant extracts. Phytolysn has anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and diuretic effects;
• Just like Phytolysin, it reduces inflammation and eliminates dysuria.

Diet

Diet for acute cystitis is no less important than drug therapy. Properly selected nutrition helps achieve good success:

• remove intoxication. To do this, experts recommend arranging several vegetarian days. Animal proteins can only aggravate intoxication. Use pureed boiled carrots, zucchini, beets or cauliflower. Drink more liquid, it can be anything: jelly, compote, fruit drink, tea, juice. The liquid helps eliminate toxic substances and relieve intoxication;
• stop the active reproduction of pathogens. Lingonberry and cranberry juice can help with this;
• reduce irritation of the bladder mucosa. Hot seasonings and spices can irritate the affected organ: horseradish, mustard, pepper. Prohibited are also those products that contain a large amount of essential oils: smoked meats, mushrooms, broths, radishes, radishes, garlic;
• prevent stone formation. If amorphous urates have been detected, then it is necessary to eat food that will provide the body with the required amount of alkali: milk, vegetables, berries. If phosphates are present, it is better to give preference to fish, seafood, meat, and eggs. If you have oxalates, you should avoid citrus fruits, greens, cocoa and anything that contains oxalic acid;
• enhance the effect of antibiotics. The activity of some drugs depends on the acidity of the urine. Therefore, adding or excluding certain products can affect the effectiveness of such products.

Prevention

Cystitis is mainly an infectious disease, therefore preventive measures should be aimed primarily at preventing the penetration of pathogenic microflora and strengthening the body's resistance.

• compliance with the rules of intimate hygiene. After each act of defecation, you should wash yourself. The stream of water should be directed towards the anus, and not away from it. Avoid intimate hygiene products and vaginal tampons;
• wearing underwear made from natural fabrics;
• using a condom during casual sexual intercourse;
• rehabilitation of chronic foci of infection and timely treatment of somatic diseases;
• compliance with the drinking regime;
• try not to get too cold;
• Avoid radical diets; the daily diet should be balanced.

Conclusion

Acute cystitis is an infectious and inflammatory disease of the bladder. In most cases, it is provoked by pathogenic microflora. Although there are also non-infectious etiological factors: injuries, developmental anomalies, tumors, urolithiasis and more. The disease is characterized by the presence of specific symptoms, among which can be noted polishing, as well as the appearance of itching, burning and pain when urinating.

The disease is dangerous due to its complications: pyelonephritis, hematuria, reflux disease. Self-medication of acute cystitis is extremely dangerous. If alarming symptoms appear, it is important to consult a doctor promptly, undergo a series of examinations and strictly follow medical recommendations. Remember, cystitis is easier to prevent than to treat, so don’t forget about simple preventive tips and be healthy!

Acute cystitis is characterized by a frequent urge to urinate due to an infection in the bladder. The development of the pathological process occurs in most cases in girls and women, which is due to the anatomical structure of the urethra: in the fair sex it is wide and short.

Types of acute cystitis

There is the following classification:

• catarrhal cystitis (uncomplicated). There is swelling of the tissues of the internal organ;
• hemorrhagic. Bleeding erosions occur on the mucous membrane, which leads to the release of bloody urine;
• ulcerative form of cystitis. The muscle fibers of the diseased organ are affected;
• follicular cystitis is accompanied by the formation of pus;
• encrusting. There is a deposition of salts on the walls of the bladder, which then transform into stones;
• The cystic form is characterized by the formation of growths under the mucous membrane of the organ.

Differences from chronic

There are a number of features:

• acute inflammation of the bladder is caused by infectious agents in most cases. There are pronounced external signs of the disease, including intense pain;
• The chronic form of cystitis is caused by sluggish symptoms against the background of weakened immunity and hypothermia. Repeated exacerbations occur due to functional disorders in the organs of the urinary system;
• cystitis in acute form can be considered as a one-time pathological phenomenon;
• chronic cystitis indicates the presence of abnormalities that cannot be completely cured.

Causes of acute cystitis

The etiology of bladder inflammation is as follows:

• The causative agents of the infectious process are: Escherichia coli, staphylococcus, Treponema pallidum. These pathogens are the main cause of cystitis;
• bladder damage. We may be talking about surgical intervention;
• intoxication due to taking medications of various directions of action;
• blood stagnation in the pelvic area, which leads to impaired microcirculation in the internal organ;
• irradiation in the presence of a malignant neoplasm;
• disruption of metabolic processes;
• failure to comply with personal hygiene rules;
• use of spermicidal contraceptives;
• hormonal imbalance;
• acute inflammation is observed after sex: prolonged sexual intercourse or in rough form.

Symptoms

The following symptomatic manifestations are observed:

• painful pulling sensations in the lower abdomen;
• frequent urination, accompanied by intense pain and cramps;
• blood in the urine at the end of the act of excreting urine (hematuria);
• low-grade body temperature;
• a feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder, which causes an irresistible need to urinate every 15 minutes;
• spasm of smooth muscles in the pelvic area and external urethral sphincter;
• Sometimes urinary incontinence occurs.

Additionally, women experience scanty periods due to an inflammatory process in the urinary organs.

Diagnostics

To make an accurate diagnosis, a laboratory test is required, which includes a number of procedures:

• general blood test to identify the inflammatory process;
• bacterial culture of urine;
• a general urine test to determine the number of leukocytes and identify the presence of pus and bacteria. Cloudy urine also indicates inflammation;
• There are no specific echographic signs for acute cystitis.

Examination methods are selected by the doctor.

How to treat acute cystitis?

The treatment regimen for acute inflammation in the bladder depends on the severity of the disease and the physiological characteristics of the body.

It is important to understand that cystitis may not be an independent disease, but a symptomatic sign of a disease of sexually transmitted etiology. Specialist consultation is required.

Antibiotics

The following drugs have a highly effective therapeutic effect:

• Monural powder is a quick way to solve the problem. The drug contains an active substance that reaches maximum concentration in the urine, which leads to suppression of the growth of the number of microbes;
• Rulid tablets help to cope with painful symptoms in a short time, but at the same time a large number of unwanted reactions of the body are observed.

Antispasmodics

• No-Spa affects biochemical processes in smooth muscle cells.
• Atropine is a neurotropic drug that affects the transmission of impulses to the nerves that stimulate the smooth muscles of the bladder.

Herbal remedies

Natural medicines include:

• Cyston. During the use of the drug, pathogens are removed from the bladder cavity. But long-term therapy is required to achieve a positive effect.
• Monurel. Cranberry extract helps eliminate the inflammatory process. But this medicine should be considered only as an adjuvant therapy.
• Canephron is prescribed in most cases, especially when it comes to pregnant women and patients with organic intolerance to the active components of chemical-based drugs.

Folk remedies

Treatment of the acute form is as follows:

• add a few drops of iodine to a saturated saline solution (1 tablespoon of salt per glass of warm water). Treat the area of ​​the labia majora and minora with a cotton pad soaked in the solution. Blot the intimate area with a napkin. It is recommended to carry out this procedure at night before bedtime;
• decoction of chamomile flowers. It is necessary to pour 1 tbsp of boiling water into a glass. l. medicinal plant. Insist. Strain. Take 50 ml of decoction 3 times a day to eliminate acute inflammation;
• pour 40 g of yellow water lily rhizomes with cold water. The product must be infused for 12 hours. Boil. It is recommended to take a glass a day 30 minutes before meals;
• Thermal procedures are carried out with great care. Boil the potatoes in their skins, and then grind the product to a pasty consistency. Place the pan with the prepared puree in the toilet (bucket). Having wrapped your lower body, you need to sit on the toilet. The duration of the warming up procedure is 10 minutes. 7 procedures will be enough.

Reviews

Katerina, 25 years old, Moscow: “Faced with the problem of cystitis, I decided to resort to my grandmother’s proven method: I drank 50 ml of rowan berry decoction three times a day. The pain went away after 2 days. You can also take pills. But I prefer natural remedies.”

Inna, 30 years old, St. Petersburg: “I rarely get sick, especially when it comes to bladder diseases. When cystitis was diagnosed, the doctor recommended Monural. One dose was enough to forget about the discomfort.”

Anna, 51 years old, Omsk: “Cystitis occurs if I’m frozen. My daughter recommended Biseptol and Canephron. Both drugs require long-term use. Therefore, I chose the antibiotic Rulid. I’m satisfied with the result.”

Olga, 45 years old, Perm: “I trust the results of doctors’ research. Therefore, I use Furadonin for cystitis. The product is not addictive. After just 2 doses I noticed an improvement in my condition. My friend also likes Furadonin tablets.”

First aid

If the pain is severe, you should call an ambulance.

But in most cases, you can cope with painful symptoms at home:

• hold a bottle of hot water between your legs (in the crotch area);
• increase your drinking regime. It is necessary to drink warm water (not boiled).

Quick help for cystitis will reduce the intensity of symptomatic manifestations.

How to relieve pain?

Acute pain can be relieved with the help of the analgesic Uropirin, which is prescribed to relieve pain that occurs directly in the urinary organs.

Diet for acute cystitis

A number of rules must be followed:

• reduce the amount of consumption of confectionery products;
• give up fatty and spicy foods;
• eat more fresh vegetables and fruits;
• diversify the menu with seafood.

Sexual life with acute cystitis

There are a number of features:

• You should not have sex with cystitis, especially when it comes to menstruation. Neglecting this rule will aggravate the problem;
• Masturbating is also undesirable, because... Such sexual actions lead to irritation of the urethral mucosa.

How long does acute cystitis last?

The duration of the inflammatory process is about 3-5 days, subject to proper therapeutic intervention. Preparations based on herbal ingredients will help you recover from illness.

Complications

The following consequences may occur:

• transition of the disease to a chronic form;
• the occurrence of an inflammatory process in the kidneys;
• development of renal failure.

Prevention

To avoid acute cystitis, a number of rules must be followed:

• maintain intimate hygiene of the genital organs. Avoid douching to avoid disturbing the bacterial balance in the vagina;
• do not overcool: do not wash yourself with cold water, dress appropriately for the weather;
• drink at least 2 liters of water per day;
• wear underwear made from natural fabrics;
• diversify the menu with fermented milk products;
• It is important for women to change their sanitary pad every 3 hours during menstruation;
• In order to prevent complications, timely and comprehensive treatment of the disease is necessary.

Peculiarities

Depending on the gender and age of the patient, different pathogenesis of the disease and the intensity of symptomatic signs are observed.

Features during pregnancy

• Due to compression of the walls of the bladder by the increasing size of the uterus, an inflammatory process develops. Part of the urine is retained in the body, facilitating the proliferation of pathogenic microflora.
• Treatment of cystitis in pregnant women involves the use of herbal preparations. Sometimes hospitalization is required.

Features in men

The disease is caused by inflammation of the prostate gland.

In rare cases, cystitis in men is bacterial in nature.

Sometimes bladder inflammation occurs due to sexually transmitted infections.

Features in children

• Girls 5-6 years old suffer from cystitis due to: the anatomical structure of the genitourinary system, weak local protection of the mucous membrane of the bladder, lack of endocrine function of the ovaries, improper hygiene procedures, and helminthic infestation.
• Frequent exposure to colds is the main provoking factor of cystitis.

Treatment of the disease in children is carried out with the help of Amoxiclav and Augmentin. In case of organic intolerance to the active components of these medications, the doctor prescribes Azithromycin.

Acute cystitis is a disease associated with purulent-inflammatory processes in the mucous membrane of the urinary tract. The causative agent is mainly E. coli strains, as well as pathogenic bacteria or fungi. The infection can enter through the urethra, descend from the kidneys, or be transmitted through the blood and lymph.

According to statistics, the disease occurs in 30% of the fair sex

Antibiotics are effective against bacteria that cause the disease. Therefore, if the treatment of acute cystitis is carried out in accordance with the doctor’s prescriptions, then, as a rule, it proceeds quickly and without subsequent complications.

More often women have to face this problem. According to statistics, the disease occurs in 30% of the fair sex. This is due to the structural features of the urethra. Compared to men's, it is shorter and has a larger diameter, which makes it easier for infection to enter the bladder.

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis

In acute cystitis, symptoms appear suddenly. These include:

• Painful urination. During this act, severe pain occurs, especially intensifying at the end.
• Sharp pain in the bladder area, palpable on palpation, sometimes spreading to the perineum and anus.
• Increased frequency of urination. This is due to constant pain impulses, which lead to an increase in intravesical pressure, as a result of which even the accumulation of a small amount of fluid causes a strong urge to urinate, occurring every 20 minutes. At the same time, the portions of urine are very small. In a short period of time, it simply does not have time to accumulate.
• Signs of acute cystitis are the presence of blood and pus in the urine. It is cloudy in appearance, may contain fibrin flakes, and have a fetid, putrid odor. Urination sometimes ends with the release of droplets of blood.
• The patient has a subfebrile body temperature - from 37 to 38⁰С. Its increase to 39–40⁰С indicates a severe form of acute cystitis, requiring longer treatment and threatening possible complications.

All of the above symptoms of acute cystitis make it easy to distinguish the disease from many others. However, the attending physician can establish an accurate diagnosis only after conducting an additional examination.

One of the main diagnostic methods involves urine analysis. Before taking it, careful hygiene procedures for the external genitalia are performed.

One milliliter of urine of a healthy person should contain up to 1 thousand red blood cells and 2 thousand leukocytes. In the presence of an inflammatory process, these indicators are several times higher.

DNA analysis allows you to determine the type of pathogen. If necessary, ultrasound, cystoscopy, and biopsy are prescribed.

Causes of the disease

The occurrence of the disease is influenced by many factors. The causes of acute cystitis are individual characteristics of the urinary system, neglect of hygiene rules, use of medicinal or toxic substances, congestion in the bladder associated with prostatitis, and the presence of tumor processes. Most often (in 80% of cases) it is acute, caused by infection. It can be caused by various bacteria, fungi or viruses.

The local immunity of the excretory organs is quite high, so even the presence of pathogenic microflora in the bladder does not cause the development of cystitis. When the body's defenses are reduced (due to hypothermia, excessive sexual activity, pregnancy, stress, endocrine system disorders), microorganisms begin to multiply, which causes an exacerbation of cystitis. Fashionable women who prefer to wear light clothes in cold weather are at risk, exposing themselves to colds and hypothermia.

Treatment

First aid is to relieve the pain symptom. To do this, apply a heating pad or a bag of heated salt to the groin area. This warming relaxes the muscles of the bladder, relieving spasm.

A heating pad helps relieve pain symptoms

Modern antispasmodics - Papaverine, Atropine, No-Shpa - help reduce pain. Before use, make sure there are no allergic reactions.

Acute cystitis is treated with antibiotics. The most common are norfloxacins, biseptol, and penicillin drugs. The dosage is prescribed depending on the test results and the patient’s condition. Medicines that directly affect the genitourinary system are also used (Monural, 5-NOK, etc.). During pregnancy, treatment for acute cystitis has its own peculiarities and is selected individually for each patient.

Drug therapy is prescribed only when the antibiogram is determined. The course is usually several months. Even if the symptoms of cystitis have smoothed out after first aid has been provided, treatment cannot be stopped. A full course will help avoid relapse of the disease.

Patients are prescribed bed rest to normalize the function of the genitourinary system. In addition, the horizontal position helps to more easily tolerate pain symptoms.

Treatment of acute cystitis also includes physical therapy - iontophoresis, inductometry, UHF. Such procedures improve blood circulation, have an anti-inflammatory effect, preventing the proliferation of pathogens, and have virtually no contraindications.

The use of folk remedies

Excellent help for acute cystitis is provided using various medicinal herbs (chamomile, St. John's wort, oak bark, coltsfoot, etc.). Hot water is poured (1 glass per tablespoon of raw material), left to infuse for 20 minutes and poured into a basin, where warm water is added, the temperature of which does not exceed 37.5⁰C. The bath can be taken in the morning and before bed. It is important before treating acute cystitis in this way, it is necessary to establish an accurate diagnosis confirming this disease.

In folk medicine, there are many recipes for herbal tea, various decoctions and infusions. The most popular of them are the following:

1. Tea made from cherry petioles. Fresh or dried raw materials (3 tablespoons) are poured with boiling water (0.25 l), infused for 15 minutes and taken before meals.
2. Tea made from chamomile flowers and horsetail. To prepare one serving, take 1/2 teaspoon of both per 1 glass of water. Brew with boiling water and leave for a quarter of an hour. Drink a glass of strained ready-made tea three times a day.
3. Herbal decoction. Bearberry, yarrow (2 teaspoons each), birch buds, calamus root (1 teaspoon each) are mixed, water (0.5 l) is poured and placed on the fire. After boiling, leave for another 10 minutes, then leave for half an hour. You need to drink 4 times a day, 1/2 cup.
4. A decoction made from rosehip roots. The raw materials are finely chopped and poured with cold water (4 tablespoons of roots - 1 liter of water), then boiled for 15 minutes, cooled and filtered. Drink 0.5 cups 4 times during the day.

Any folk remedies should be used only after consulting a doctor, and they should not replace prescribed medications.

Consultation with a doctor is required

For any disease, you need to follow a certain diet. When first aid has been provided, a diagnosis has been established, therapeutic treatment has been prescribed, there is a need to adhere to the diet that is recommended for acute cystitis. A diet that includes a sufficient amount of vitamins, nutrients and microelements can speed up the restoration of damaged epithelium, which will allow symptoms to quickly resolve. During the treatment period, smoked, salty, spicy and sweet foods should be excluded from the diet. Use more plant foods.

Drinking plays a special role in this disease. During the day you need to drink at least two liters of fluid, which will allow the bladder to quickly get rid of inflammatory products. It is better to drink tea, juices, and mineral water. Berry fruit drinks made from cranberries and lingonberries are very useful. They are rich in active substances that help avoid re-infection.

The diet should include foods that do not irritate the bladder mucosa, have a diuretic effect and help cleanse the body and prevent constipation. You need to adhere to it not only during an exacerbation of the disease, but also for a long time after all symptoms disappear.

Preventive measures

When the causes of acute cystitis are known, the onset of the disease can be prevented if they are simply eliminated. This requires:

• Keep your genitals clean.
• Treat gynecological diseases in a timely manner.
• Do not wear tight or tight underwear that interferes with normal blood flow.
• If constipation occurs, include more vegetables and fruits in your diet, and use laxatives.
• Avoid hypothermia.
• When eating spicy, salty or smoked food, you need to wash it down with plenty of liquid.
• It is recommended to drink up to two liters of water per day.
• Empty your bladder in a timely manner, avoiding it from overflowing.
• In cases where the disease recurs several times a year, a course of antibiotics is required for preventive purposes.

Complications after cystitis

If you notice signs of the disease, you should consult a doctor. Treatment carried out at an early stage will avoid possible complications. These include: