Phraseologisms are already difficult in themselves: in addition to them characteristic features, we need to remember them meaning, which, by the way, is not always “derived” from the meanings of the component words. It is by the “confluence” of meanings that phraseological units are divided into phraseological fusions, phraseological unities, phraseological combinations And phraseological expressions.

Phraseological adhesions, or idioms, - these are lexical indivisible phrases, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of those included at the bottom individual words. Phraseological adhesions, Thus, they are a striking example of the maximum “cohesion” of the components of a phraseological unit. As the most characteristic signs of adhesions, we note the following: lexical indivisibility, semantic cohesion, one member of a sentence. In general, phraseological fusions most clearly demonstrate the concept of “phraseologism”.

Perfectly illustrates the category of phraseological fusions phraseological unit "beat the buck". Beat your head- Means, idle, spend time idle. This expression is clear to everyone, but its “literal” meaning has little connection with the “ultimate” meaning: thumbs up called logs, respectively, kick the bucket - cut logs, process them in a special way(it was from this wood that spoons were later made). In other words, kicking the bucket was not such an easy task. As we can see, the meaning of the entire expression is not derived from the meaning of its individual components, hence – voila! - we really have before us phraseological fusion.

Among other examples of idioms, we note the most significant units for us:

from the bay, floundering, Sodom and Gomorrah, topsy-turvy, hand on heart, out of hand, a coward to celebrate, from young to old, on bare feet, Wednesdayin broad daylight, without hesitation, so-so, wherever it goes, on your own mind, say a joke, marvel etc.

Phraseological unities- This lexically indivisible phrases, general meaning which to some extent is already motivated by the figurative meaning of the words that make up this turnover. The distinctive features of phraseological unities are the ability to “understand” the meaning both literally and figuratively, and also possibility of insertionbetween components of phraseological units of other words.

Consider the expression "pour grist to the mill", which means " to indirectly help someone by one's actions or behavior" This expression “gets along” well with direct value (i.e. literally grist for the mill– on water mill, which rotates under the influence of water force), and with the value portable, with which we are already familiar. In addition, this expression is often found with inserts of pronouns and adjectives: pour water on St. oh mill, pour water on mine mill, pour water on his mill, pour water on someone else's mill and under.

Vivid examples of phraseological unities are the expressions: splurge, keep a stone in your bosom, go with the flow, go into your shell, suck blood and milk out of your finger; first violin, freezing point, inclined plane, center of gravity, specific gravity etc.

Phraseological combinations- This stable revolutions, the value of which depends entirely on the value of their constituent components. In other words, such phraseological units retain relative semantic independence , showing its significance in extremely closed circle of words . As a rule, in such phraseological units we can distinguish permanent member, which does not change, is a kind of basis for expression, and variable term, i.e. capable of change, vary. For example, the expression "tearful to ask" might look like "tearfully beg" etc. This means that “tearfully” is a constant component, and “beg”, “ask” and other interpretations are variable components. Likewise: burn out Can from shame, from disgrace, from disgrace, from love, impatience, envy etc.; take Maybe melancholy, meditation, annoyance, anger, fear, horror, envy, hunting, laughter etc. Despite the variety of options for the variable component, phraseological combinations require only a certain set of words - quite closed: for example, you cannot say “ takes loneliness" or " takes the disease" As a rule, such expressions are “friends” with their synonyms: touch a sense of honor = hurt a sense of honor.

Phraseological expressions- This combinations of words that are reproduced as ready-made speech units. The lexical composition and meaning of such phraseological units is constant. The meaning of phraseological expressions depends on the meaning of the words included in their meaning. becoming Traditionally, phraseological units of this type do not contain words with limited meaning. Also in phraseological expressions component replacement is not possible. Phraseological expressions include proverbs, sayings, quotes, sayings, which acquired features of generalization, figurative typification, those. turned into metaphors.

These are lexical units known to many: if the enemy does not surrender, he is destroyed; you need to eat to live, not live to eat; the dog barks - the wind blows; water does not flow under a lying stone; like a dog in the manger: it doesn’t eat itself and won’t give it to the cattle; you can't see the forest for the trees; that's where the dog is buried; man in a case; Trishkin caftan; wise minnow; and the casket simply opened; to be or not to be: that is the question; No matter how you feed the wolf, the forest is still watching etc.

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Phraseologism

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Phraseologism (phraseological turn, phraseme) - a phrase or sentence that is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, performing the function of a separate lexeme (dictionary unit). Often a phraseological unit remains the property of only one language; the exception is the so-called phraseological tracing paper. Phraseological units are described in special phraseological dictionaries.

A phraseological unit is used as a whole that is not subject to further decomposition and usually does not allow rearrangement of its parts within itself. The semantic cohesion of phraseological units can vary within fairly wide limits: from the non-deducibility of the meaning of a phraseological unit from its constituent words in phraseological conjunctions ( idioms) to phraseological combinations with meaning arising from the meanings that make up the combination. The transformation of a phrase into a stable phraseological unit is called lexicalization.

The concept of phraseological units (fr. unité phraséologique) as a stable phrase, the meaning of which cannot be derived from the meanings of its constituent words, was first formulated by the Swiss linguist Charles Bally in his work Precis de stylistique, where he contrasted them with another type of phrases - phraseological groups (fr. series phraséologiques) with a variable combination of components. Subsequently, V.V. Vinogradov identified three main types of phraseological units: phraseological adjuncts(idioms), phraseological unities And phraseological combinations. N. M. Shansky also highlights additional view - phraseological expressions.

Different scientists interpret the concept of a phraseological unit and its properties in different ways, however, the properties of a phraseological unit most consistently identified by various scientists are

• reproducibility,
• sustainability,
• superverbal (separately formed).
• belonging to the nominative inventory of the language.

Phraseological adjunctions (idioms)

Phraseological fusion, or idiom (from Greek. ἴδιος “own, characteristic”) is a semantically indivisible phrase, the meaning of which is completely indeducible from the meanings of its constituent components. For example, sodom and gomorrah- "turmoil, noise."

Often the grammatical forms and meanings of idioms are not determined by norms and realities modern language, that is, such fusions are lexical and grammatical archaisms. For example, idioms kick your ass- “to mess around” (in the original meaning - “to split logs into blanks for making household wooden objects”) and carelessly- “carelessly” reflect the realities of the past that are absent in the present (in the past they were characterized by metaphor). In unions from small to large, without hesitation archaic grammatical forms are preserved.

Phraseological unities

Phraseological unity is a stable turnover, each of its words is used in a literal and parallel figurative meaning. figurative meaning and constitutes the content of phraseological unity. Phraseological unity is a trope with a metaphorical meaning. For example, “go with the flow”, “cast a fishing rod”, “reel in a fishing rod”, fall for the bait”, “get caught in the net”. Phraseological unity includes all expressions of all the sacred scriptures of the world. Since the absolute Most people perceive the direct meaning of expressions, then they do not understand the ideas of the sacred scriptures. For example, “Pigs love to swim in mud.” content does not have a rational thought, but an irrational idea. Rational thought is based on the perception of the senses, and an irrational idea draws knowledge from the spirit. An irrational idea is a pure idea. It is cleared from the information of sensory perception. The ideas of phraseological unities are inaccessible. main problem understanding - hermeneutics. Unlike idioms, unities are motivated by the realities of modern language and can allow the insertion of other words between their parts in speech: for example, bring (yourself, him, someone) to white heat , to pour water into the mill (of something or someone) And pour water into (one's own, someone else's, etc.) mill. Examples: reach a dead end, be in full swing, go with the flow, keep a stone in your bosom, lead by the nose.

Phraseological combinations

Phraseological combination(collocation) is a stable turnover that includes words with both a free meaning and those with a phraseologically related, non-free meaning (used only in a given combination). Phraseological combinations are stable phrases, but their holistic meaning follows from the meanings of the individual words that make them up.

Unlike phraseological adhesions and unities, combinations are semantically divisible - their composition allows limited synonymous substitution or replacement of individual words, while one of the members of the phraseological combination turns out to be constant, while the others are variable: for example, in phrases burn with love, hate, shame, impatience word burn out is a constant member with a phraseologically related meaning.

A limited range of words can be used as variable members of a combination, determined by semantic relationships within language system: so, phraseological combination burn with passion is a hypernym in relation to combinations like burn from..., and due to varying the variable part, the formation of synonymous series is possible burn with shame, disgrace, disgrace, burn with jealousy, thirst for revenge.

Phraseological expressions

Phraseological expressions - stable in their composition and use phraseological units, which are not only semantically distinct, but also consist entirely of words with a free nominative meaning. Their only feature is reproducibility: they are used as ready-made speech units with a constant lexical composition and certain semantics.

Often a phraseological expression is a complete sentence with a statement, edification or conclusion. Examples of such phraseological expressions are proverbs and aphorisms. If there is no edification in a phraseological expression or there are elements of understatement, then it is a proverb or a catchphrase. Another source of phraseological expressions is professional speech. The category of phraseological expressions also includes speech cliches - stable formulas like best wishes, see you again etc.

Many linguists do not classify phraseological expressions as phraseological units, since they lack the basic features of phraseological units. no suggestions for example

Melchuk's classification

1. The linguistic unit affected by phraseologization:
   • lexeme ( shepherd with the suffix - duh),
   • phrase ( inflated authority, English red herring),
   • syntactic phraseme (sentence options differing in prosody: You I have you read this book And I have you read it this book).
2. Participation of pragmatic factors in the process of phraseologization:
   • pragmathemes associated with the extra-linguistic situation ( best before date, English best before),
   • semantic phrasemes ( throw off the hooves).
3. Component of a linguistic sign subject to phraseologization:
   • signified ( kick your ass),
   • meaning (supplemental units in morphology: man - people),
   • syntactics of the sign itself (eng. He sort of laughed).
4. Degree of phraseologization:
   • complete phrasemes (=idioms) (English) kick the bucket),
   • semiphrases (=collocations) (English) land a job),
   • quasi-phrases (English) ham and eggs).

In general, as a result of such a calculation, Melchuk identifies 3×2×3×3=54 types of phrasemes.

See also

• Semantic classification of phraseological units of the English language

Notes

Literature

• Amosova N. N. Fundamentals of English phraseology. - L., 1963
• Arsentyeva E. F. Phraseology and phraseography in a comparative aspect (based on the material of the Russian and English languages). - Kazan, 2006
• Valgina N. S., Rosenthal D. E., Fomina M. I. Modern Russian language. 6th ed. - M.: “Logos”, 2002
• Kunin A.V. Course of phraseology of modern English. - 2nd ed., revised. - M., 1996
• Mokienko V. M. Slavic phraseology. 2nd ed., Spanish and additional - M., 1989
• Telia V.N. Russian phraseology: Semantic, pragmatic and linguocultural aspects. - M., 1996
• Baranov A.N., Dobrovolsky D.O. Aspects of the theory of phraseology / A.N. Baranov, D.O. Dobrovolsky. – M.: Znak, 2008. – 656 p.
• Vereshchagin E.M., Kostomarov V.G. Language and culture. Three linguistic and cultural concepts: lexical background, speech-behavioral tactics and sapientema / E.M. Vereshchagin, V.G. Kostomarov; under. ed. Yu.S. Stepanova. – M.: Indrik, 2005. – 1040 p.
• Vinogradov V.V. Phraseology. Semasiology //Lexicology and lexicography. Selected works. – M.: Nauka, 1977. – 118-161 p.
• Shansky N.M. Phraseology of the modern Russian language / N.M. Shansky. – 3rd ed., rev. and additional – M., 1985. – 160 p.

Links

• Phraseologisms (idioms) in the English language. Archived (English) . Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. (Russian) . Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
• Michelson's large explanatory and phraseological dictionary. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
• Dictionary of phraseological units and set expressions. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
• Wiki dictionary of phraseological units. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
• Dictionary of phraseological units of the Russian language. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
• Dictionary of phraseological units with illustrations. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Synonyms:

Phraseological combinations

A phraseological combination is a stable expression in which one of the components has a literal (dictionary) meaning, i.e. These are partially motivated phrases. Phraseological combinations are stable phrases, but their holistic meaning follows from the meanings of the individual words that make them up.

Compared to phraseological adhesions and unities, phraseological combinations are semantically divisible, i.e. in their composition, replacement or substitution of individual words is allowed. In Russian, for example, in the phrases " burn with love, hate, shame, impatience" word " burn out" is a constant member with a phraseologically related meaning.

IN English phrases: " to show one"s teeth" - "snarl" (literally - "show your teeth"). Semantic independence in this combination is demonstrated by the word one"s- "someone's". It can be replaced with words such as: my, your, his etc.; " to talk through one"s hat" - "talk nonsense, talk nonsense" (literally speaking through a hat); " to burn one"s fingers" - "get burned on something" (literally, burn your fingers).

Phraseological unities

Phraseological unity - expressions with a single integral meaning, which arises by merging the meanings of lexical components.

Phraseological unity is characterized by imagery; Each word should have its own meaning, but in the end, they acquire a figurative meaning. As a rule, phraseological units of this type are tropes with metaphorical meaning (for example, " gnawing on the granite of science", "splurge", "go with the flow", "keep a stone in your bosom", "go into your shell", "suck it out of your finger", "blood and milk"). The individual words that make up its composition are semantically independent, and the meaning of each of the components is subordinated to the unity of the general figurative meaning of the entire phraseological expression as a whole. It should be noted that with a literal translation, a foreigner will only be able to guess the meaning of the phrase.

Just like idioms, phraseological units are semantically indivisible, their grammatical forms and syntactic structure are strictly defined. Replacing a word as part of a phraseological unity, including the substitution of a synonym, leads to the destruction of the metaphor (for example, granite of science or basalt of science) or a change in the expressive meaning: falling for a bait and getting caught in a network are phraseological synonyms, but express different shades expression. But, unlike idioms, unities are subject to the realities of modern language and allow the insertion of other words between their parts in speech. For example, “bring” (oneself, him, someone) to a white heat, “pour water into the mill” (of something or someone) and pour water into (one’s own, someone else’s, etc.) mill. In English there are examples of phraseological units: come to a dead end, hit the key, hold a stone in your bosom, lead by the nose; English " to know the way the cat is jumping" - "know which way the wind blows" (literally -

"know where the cat will jump"). Expression " to be born with a silver spoon in one"s mouth" has the meaning “to be born in a shirt” (literally to be born with a silver spoon in the mouth); " at the drop of the hat - " immediately, at the same hour, at the slightest provocation" (literally at the moment the hat fell); " to keep a dog and bark oneself" - "do the work of your subordinate" (literally bark, curse, vent irritation, anger).

Phraseological fusions are such lexically indivisible phrases, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the individual words included in them. For example, the meaning of revolutions kick your ass- "to mess around" from the bay-floundering- “rashly”, sodom and gomorrah- “turmoil, noise”, carelessly- "carelessly" how to give something to drink- “certainly” and others are not motivated by the meaning of the constituent components, since, firstly, in the lexical system of the modern language there are no independently existing words with full meaning boobs, bays, floundering, sodom, gomorrah; secondly, the meaning of words beat, lower (later), sleeves, give, drink turns out to be lexically weakened, even emptied, under the conditions of this phrase (cf.: basic meanings beat- "to strike" lower- “move from top to bottom”, sleeves- “a piece of clothing covering the hand”; give- “to hand over”, drink- “absorb liquid”).

Thus, the main feature of phraseological fusion is its lexical indivisibility, absolute semantic cohesion, in which the meaning of the whole phrase cannot be deduced from the meaning of its constituent words.

Semantically, the fusion in most cases turns out to be the equivalent of a word (“a kind of syntactically compound word,” in the terminology of Academician V.V. Vinogradov). For example: topsy-turvy- "vice versa", hand on heart- “frankly, sincerely”, out of hand- "Badly", coward (or coward) to celebrate- “to be afraid, to be wary”, etc.

The grammatical forms of the words that make up the phraseological unit can sometimes change. For example, in sentences Prokhor also invited Protasov: he is universally educated and has eaten the dog in mining(Shishk.) or: - As for fabrics, I’m not an expert in them; ask Queen Marya about them. The women ate the dog on that one(A.K.T.) - the relationship between the word is preserved ate and the subject of the action: he ate, they ate etc. However, such a change in grammatical forms does not affect the overall meaning of the splice.

In some splices, the grammatical forms of words and grammatical connections can no longer be explained or motivated from the point of view of the modern Russian language, i.e. they are perceived as a kind of grammatical archaism. For example: from young to old, on bare feet, in broad daylight, without hesitation (or hesitation), so-so, wherever it goes, on one’s own mind, to say a joke, to marvel etc. Outdated grammatical forms of words (and sometimes the word as a whole) and unmotivated syntactic connections only support the lexical indivisibility of the phrase, its semantic unity. phraseological unit motivation semantic communicative

Syntactically, phraseological fusions act as a single member of a sentence. For example, in the sentence He reproached me all the way for the fact that we... do nothing, work carelessly(S. Antonov) the highlighted phraseological fusion performs the function of an adverbial manner of action. In a sentence His speech confuses you(Vyazemsky) fusion is a predicate.

Types of phraseological units

The study of the entire set of phraseological units of the Russian language involves their classification according to a wide variety of criteria. V.V. Vinogradov proposed one of the most famous and widespread classifications in linguistics, based on varying degrees of idiomaticity (unmotivated) of the components in the phraseological unit.

There are three types of phraseological units.

1. Phraseological adhesions- stable combinations, the generalized holistic meaning of which is not derived from the meaning of their constituent components, i.e. is not motivated by them from the point of view current state vocabulary: to get into trouble, to be foolish, without hesitation, to eat a dog, out of nowhere, out of nowhere, no matter what, was not there, no matter what and under. We don’t know what a “prosak” is (that’s what a machine for weaving nets was called in the old days), we don’t understand the word thumbs up (wooden blanks for spoons, the manufacture of which did not require skilled labor), we do not think about the meaning of outdated grammatical forms nothing (not at all), doubting (doubting). However, the holistic meaning of these phraseological units is clear to every Russian person. Thus, etymological analysis helps to clarify the motivation for the semantics of modern phraseological fusion. However, the roots of phraseological units sometimes go back to such distant times that linguists do not come to an unambiguous conclusion about their origin1.

Phraseological units may include obsolete words and grammatical forms: Just a joke (not a joke!), the boron cheese flared up (not raw!), which also contributes to the semantic indecomposability of turns.

2. Phraseological unities - stable combinations, the generalized holistic meaning of which is partly related to the semantics of their constituent components, used in a figurative meaning come to a dead end, hit the key, go with the flow, hold a stone in your bosom, take it into your own hands, bite your tongue. Such phraseological units may have “external homonyms,” i.e., phrases coinciding with them in composition and used in a direct (non-metaphorical) meaning: We had to go with the flow rivers for five days. I was so thrown into a bump that I bit my tongue and suffered from pain.

1 See, for example, the differences in the interpretation of phraseology for a coward to celebrate by B. A Larin and N. A. Meshchersky in the book: Mokienko V. M. Slavic phraseology. M., 1989. P. 18-19.

Unlike phraseological fusions, which have lost their figurative meaning in the language, phraseological unities are always perceived as metaphors or other tropes. So, among them we can distinguish stable comparisons (like a bath leaf, like on needles, like a cow licked its tongue, like a cow’s saddle), metaphorical epithets (tinned throat, iron grip), hyperboles (golden mountains, a sea of ​​​​pleasure, as far as the eye can see), litotes (as big as a poppy seed, grab onto straw). There are also phraseological units that are periphrases, i.e. descriptive figurative expressions that replace one word: far away lands- "far", there are not enough stars in the sky- "close-minded" oblique fathoms in the shoulders- "mighty, strong."

Some phraseological units owe their expressiveness to the pun or joke that forms their basis: hole from a donut, from a sleeve vest, not himself, a week without a year, stabbed to death without a knife. The expressiveness of others is based on the play of antonyms: neither alive nor dead, neither give nor take, neither a candle to God nor a damn poker, more or less; on a collision of synonyms: from the frying pan into the fire, the mind has gone beyond the mind, pouring from empty to empty, around and around. Phraseological unities give speech special expressiveness and folk-colloquial coloring.

3. Phraseological combinations - stable phrases, the meaning of which is motivated by the semantics of their constituent components, one of which has a phraseologically related meaning: to lower the gaze (head) (there is no stable phrases“put your hand down”, “put your foot down”). The verb to lower in the meaning “to lower” has a phraseologically related meaning and is not combined with other words. Another example: a sensitive issue (situation, position, circumstance). Adjective ticklish means “requiring great caution, tact,” but the possibilities of its compatibility are limited: it is impossible to say “ delicate proposal", "delicate decision", etc.

The phraseologically related meaning of the components of such phraseological units is realized only in a strictly defined lexical environment. We are talking velvet season but we won't say" velvet month", - "velvet autumn"; general epidemic, but not “endemic morbidity”, “endemic runny nose”; widespread arrests, but not "total rehabilitation", "total condemnation" etc.

Phraseological combinations often vary scowl brows - frown brows; affect feeling of pride - to hurt a feeling of pride; win victory- win top, be patient collapse- be patient fiasco (defeat); fear takes - anger (envy) takes, burn out of impatience- burn out out of shame etc.

In speech there are cases of contamination of the components of phraseological combinations: "plays a role" - "has a role"(instead of matters - plays a role), "take action" - "take steps"(instead of take action - take steps), "give importance"(from pay attention - give importance), "to render meaning"(from give attention - give importance). Such errors are associative in nature and are perceived as a sharp violation of the norm.

This classification of phraseological units is often supplemented by highlighting, following N. M. Shansky, the so-called phraseological expressions, which are also stable, but consist of words with free meanings, that is, they are distinguished by semantic division: Happy hours are not observed; To be or not to be; It's a fresh idea, but hard to believe. This group of phraseological units includes catchphrases, proverbs, sayings. In addition, many phraseological expressions have a fundamentally important syntactic feature: they are not phrases, but entire sentences.

The desire to separate phraseological expressions from phraseological units themselves encourages linguists to look for a more accurate name for them: sometimes they are called phraseological combinations, phraseological expressions. To clarify the concept, sometimes it is proposed to include not all proverbs and sayings as combinations of this type, but only those that have acquired a generalized figurative metaphorical meaning and are perceived as units close to phraseological units themselves: man in a case, from the ship to the ball, after the rain on Thursday, finest hour etc.

Thus, in identifying the fourth, last of the considered, groups of phraseological units, scientists have not achieved unity and certainty. The discrepancies are explained by the diversity and heterogeneity of the linguistic units, which are traditionally included in phraseology.

Another classification of phraseological units is based on their general grammatical features. At the same time, the following typologies of phraseological units of the Russian language are proposed.

1. Typology based on grammatical similarity component composition phraseological units. The following types are distinguished:

• 1) a combination of an adjective and a noun: cornerstone, enchanted circle, swan song;
• 2) a combination of a noun in nominative case with a noun in genitive case: point of view, stumbling block, reins of power, bone of contention;
• 3) a combination of a noun in the nominative case with nouns in indirect cases with a preposition: blood and milk, soul to soul, the trick is in the bag;
• 4) a combination of the prepositional case form of a noun with an adjective: on a live thread, according to old memory, on a short leg;
• 5) a combination of a verb and a noun (with and without a preposition): take a glance, sow doubts, pick up, take hold of the mind, lead by the nose;
• 6) combination of a verb with an adverb: get into trouble, walk barefoot, see right through;
• 7) combination of a gerund and a noun: carelessly, reluctantly, headlong.

2. Typology based on correspondence syntactic functions phraseological units and parts of speech with which they can be replaced. The following types of phraseological units are distinguished:

• 1) nominal phraseological units: cornerstone, swan song. In a sentence they perform the functions of subject, predicate, and object; by the nature of connections with other words, in combination they can control any member and be controlled;
• 2) verbal phraseological units: lead by the nose, look around. In a sentence they act as a predicate; in combination with other words can agree, control and be controlled;
• 3) adjectival phraseological units: slanting fathoms in the shoulders, on one’s mind, blood and milk, on fish fur. They matter qualitative characteristics and, like adjectives, they appear in a sentence as a definition or a nominal part of the predicate;
• 4) adverbial, or adverbial, phraseological units: on a living thread, carelessly, reluctantly, face to face. They, like adverbs, characterize the quality of an action and play the role of circumstances in a sentence;
• 5) interjection phraseological units: neither fluff nor feather!; the hell with it!; neither bottom nor tire!; Good morning! Like interjections, such phraseological units express will and feelings, acting as separate undivided sentences.

It is possible to systematize phraseological units according to other criteria. For example, from the point of view sound organization all phraseological units are divided into those ordered by their phonics and neutral. The first combine phraseological units with a pronounced rhythmic organization: neither a stake nor a yard, quieter than water below the grass, not a single crow; with rhyming elements: Fedot is not the same, naked as a falcon; with audio repeats(assonance and alliteration): little girl and little girl, keep your mouth shut, this way and that, here and there.

An interesting classification of phraseological units according to their origin. In this case, it is necessary to highlight the original Russian phraseology, which will include common Slavic phraseological units (goal like a falcon, neither fish nor fowl, take it to the quick), East Slavic (neither stake nor yard, under Tsar Pea, plant a pig), Russians themselves ( with gulkin's nose, with the whole world, put it on the back burner, in full Ivanovo, reel in the fishing rods, pull the gimp). The first have correspondences in the others Slavic languages, the second - only in Ukrainian and Belarusian, and the third are characteristic only of the Russian language.

IN special group phraseological units borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language are distinguished: the forbidden fruit, the promised land, the fiend of hell, manna from heaven, a byword, daily bread, by the sweat of the brow, bone from bone, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the Babylonian pandemonium. Their source was Christian books (Bible, Gospel), translated into Old Church Slavonic.

A significant part consists of phraseological units that came into the Russian language from ancient mythology: Achilles' heel, Gordian knot, Procrustean bed, sword of Damocles, Augean stables, dragon's laws, tantalum's torment, between Scylla and Charybdis, wheel of fortune, gardens of Babylon. Most of these phraseological units are also known in other languages, so it is worth emphasizing the international nature of winged combinations, which have their roots in antiquity.

A lot of phraseological units are borrowed from European languages and at a later time. These are mainly famous quotes from world famous works of art: To be or not to be(W. Shakespeare); Abandon hope, everyone who enters here.(A. Dante); storm in a teacup(C. Montesquieu), princess and the pea(G. H. Andersen). Some winged words attributed to great scientists and thinkers: But still she spins(G. Galileo); All I know is that I don't know anything(Socrates); I think, therefore I exist(R. Descartes).

Some phraseological units are calques - a literal translation from the source language: blue stocking, time is money, kill time (French tuer le temps), honeymoon (French la lune de miel), break it on your head (German aufs Haupt schlagen ), this is where the dog is buried (German: Da ist der Hund begraben).