From early childhood, my parents took me to rest to a small spring lake. I loved this lake, its clean and cool water. But, suddenly for us, it began to disappear and almost disappeared. It turned out that a local farmer began to irrigate his land with water from this lake, and his irrational activities drained the reservoir in just three years, leaving the entire district without water, and us without a lake.

nature management

The use of natural resources entails certain consequences, and I would like these actions to be aimed at creation, and not at destruction. With the development of technology, people are increasingly using natural resources, using them for their personal needs and enrichment. Moreover, such activity can be both rational and irrational. The first does not harm nature, does not change its appearance and properties, while the second leads to the depletion of deposits and pollution of the atmosphere.

Examples of rational nature management

Rational use of resources implies their maximum possible reasonable consumption. For industry, this can be the use of a closed water cycle, the use of alternative forms of energy, recycling.

Such an example is also the creation of parks and reserves, the use of new technologies that do not pollute the air, soil and water.

Examples of irrational nature management

Unreasonable and negligent examples of nature management can be observed at every step, and we are all already paying for such a careless attitude towards nature. Here are some of those examples:

In my life, I rarely observe the rational use of resources, ranging from individual people to the scale of corporations and countries. And I would like people to appreciate our planet more and use its gifts wisely.

rational and not

nature management

Rational nature management

Nuclear energy.

In a major accident, the scale of radioactive contamination is so great that the legitimacy of the risk of further expansion of nuclear power plant construction becomes doubtful. Moreover, with the increase in the number of nuclear power plants, the degree of risk also increases. The problem of disposal of radioactive waste causes no less concern. Thus, the growth of energy consumption and its production in global terms can cause the following dangerous consequences:

· climate change due to the greenhouse effect, the likelihood of which increases due to the increase in the accumulation of carbon dioxide emitted by power plants in the atmosphere of the planet;

· the problem of neutralization and disposal of radioactive waste and dismantled equipment of nuclear reactors after the end of their service life;

· an increase in the probability of accidents in nuclear reactors;

· growth of areas and levels of environmental acidification;

· Atmospheric air pollution in cities and industrial areas as a result of the combustion of fossil fuels.

Manufacturing industry as an environmental pollutant.

The specificity of the impact of the manufacturing industry on the environment lies in the variety of pollutants for the environment and the person himself. The main channels of influence are the technogenic processing of a natural substance and its changes during processing, the reaction to the effects of technological processes (splitting, changing the composition). In the process of production and consumption, the substance of nature is so modified that it turns into a toxic material that negatively affects both nature and humans.

A feature of the manufacturing industry is the similarity of the composition of pollutants emitted by enterprises of various industries, but using similar materials, raw materials and semi-finished products.

Chemical industry.

The chemical industry is one of the dynamic manufacturing industries. It penetrated into all aspects of life: the production of medicines, preparations, vitamins, etc. All this contributed to an increase in the quality of life and the level of material security of society. However, the underside of this level is the growth of waste, poisoning of air, water bodies, soil.

There are approximately 80,000 different chemicals in the environment. Every year, 1-2 thousand new products of the chemical industry enter the trade network in the world, often without preliminary testing. In the building materials industry, the largest “contribution” to environmental pollution is made by the cement industry, the production of glass and asphalt concrete.

In the process of glass production, among the pollutants, in addition to dust, lead compounds, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, nitric oxide, arsenic are all toxic wastes, almost half of which enters the environment.

Timber industry complex.

It is well known that the area of ​​forests is being catastrophically reduced under the impact of the increasing demand for wood and arable areas due to the growth of the total human population.

Types of violation of the environmental friendliness of the use of forest resources:

Violation of existing rules and norms of forest management;

· the technology of skidding and removal of wood contradicts the protective functions of mountain forests (the use of caterpillar tractors), leads to the destruction of the soil cover, stripping of the forest litter, increased erosion processes, destruction of undergrowth and young growth;

· reforestation works do not keep pace with deforestation due to poor planting survival, as a result of negligent care.

Energy factor

The energy factor is of great importance in connection with the shortage of energy resources and the implementation of an energy-saving policy in the European regions of the country. In highly energy-intensive industries of the chemical industry and non-ferrous metallurgy (kapron and viscose silk, aluminum, nickel), fuel consumption significantly exceeds the weight of finished products, reaching 7–10 tons or more for each ton. The total energy costs for the production of such products are greater than for raw materials and materials. The share of the energy component is the largest, in addition to the electric power industry, in metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries. In ferrous metallurgy, the pulp and paper industry, the production of copper, lead, hydrolysis yeast, caustic soda and some other specific energy intensity of production is 1-3 tons of standard fuel, but the total need for energy resources due to large production volumes is very significant. Therefore, the further development of energy-intensive industries is most effective in the eastern regions, primarily in Siberia, on the basis of the rich and cheap energy resources available there.

water factor

The water factor plays a significant, and in some cases a decisive role in the location of enterprises in the chemical, pulp and paper, textile industries, ferrous metallurgy, and the electric power industry. The cost of the entire range of water management activities (water supply, wastewater disposal and treatment) ranges from 1–2% to 15–25% of the cost of an enterprise under construction in water-intensive industries. As a result, they should be located in Siberia, the Far East, the European North, where the cost of 1 m3 of fresh water is 3–4 times less than in the regions of the Center and South of the European part.

Labor factor

The labor factor (the cost of living labor for the manufacture of products) remains important in the location of mechanical engineering (in particular, instrumentation), light industry, and also the largest enterprises in other industries. Since labor costs per 1 ton of production and the share of wages in the cost do not give a correct idea of ​​the labor intensity of products, it is advisable to focus on the absolute need of each enterprise for labor when organizing the placement of productive forces, taking into account the labor factor.

Land factor

The land factor becomes especially acute when allocating sites for industrial construction (their size for large enterprises reaches hundreds of hectares), in areas of intensive agriculture and cities in conditions of limited urban communications and engineering structures. The most rational option in this case is the group placement of enterprises in the form of industrial hubs.

Raw factor

The raw material factor determines the consumption of materials, i.e., the consumption of raw materials and basic materials per unit of finished product. To industries with the highest indices of material consumption (more than 1.5 tons of raw materials and materials per
1 ton of products) includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy of the full cycle, pulp and paper, hydrolysis, plywood, cement, sugar industries. At the same time, enterprises remote from sources of supply of raw materials, enterprises with large-tonnage products (metallurgical, chemical, pulp and paper mills) require special attention. When placing them, it is necessary to correctly determine the areas of consumption of finished products and the costs of its transportation.

Transport factor

The transport factor for Russia with its significant continental spaces is of particular importance. Despite the systematic reduction in the share of transport costs in the cost of industrial products, in a number of industries it remains very high - from 20% for ferrous metal ores to 40% for mineral building materials. The transportability of raw materials and finished products depends on the material intensity of production, the transport intensity of transported goods, the quality properties of raw materials and finished products from the standpoint of the possibility of their transportation and storage. With a material intensity index of more than 1.0, production gravitates towards raw material bases, less than 1.0 - towards regions and places of consumption of finished products.

Agro-climatic conditions

Agro-climatic conditions play a decisive role in the distribution of agricultural activities of the population. The specialization and efficiency of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy is directly related to the natural fertility of soils, climate, and the water regime of the territory. Agricultural assessment of the climate is based on a comparison of the agro-climatic conditions of the territory with the requirements of various cultivated plants for their life factors and has significant regional differences.

Environmental factors in the distribution of productive forces at the present stage of economic development play a special role, since they are directly related to the careful use of natural resources and the provision of the necessary living conditions for the population. Significant economic losses from anthropogenic pollution of the natural environment, the growing negative consequences for public health have led to the urgent need to constantly take into account the environmental factor in the location of production.

Features of socio-historical development. These include: the nature of social relations, the features of the current stage of development of the state, the stability of the economic and political system, the perfection of the legislative framework, etc.

The last decades have been marked by a noticeable change in the role of factors in the distribution of productive forces in a developed market environment. Thus, the process of scientification (synthesis of science with production) led to the advancement to the forefront in the placement of industry of potential opportunities for establishing close ties along the line of cooperation and attraction of industrial enterprises to the largest scientific centers. However, due to the extremely high fuel, energy, raw materials and material intensity of the Russian economy, the specifics of the sectoral structure of its economy and the gigantic continental spaces, new factors in the distribution of productive forces in our country have not yet acquired such great importance as in developed post-industrial countries.

Of the variety of factors in the location of the economy, some of them are characteristic of many sectors of the production complex (for example, attraction to the consumer) and the non-productive sphere, others are inherent only in one industry or group of industries (gravitation to recreational resources).

However, each sector of the economy has its own set of factors for its placement. Moreover, even factors common with other industries in each specific case manifest themselves with different strengths, and if for some industries any factor has a decisive influence on the location of the industry, then in another industry it is of secondary importance.

In this way:

Each sector of the economy is characterized by its own set and combination of factors of its placement;

· The combination and role of individual factors of the location of the economy in a particular area depends on the sectoral structure of the economy of the country or region.

At the same time, for most branches of the non-manufacturing sphere, consumer orientation is the most important factor in their placement. And the higher the share of non-production sectors in the economic complex of a country or region, the greater the role in the location of the economy is played by the attraction to the consumer. Since the sectoral structure of most countries of the world is evolving along the path of increasing the share of non-manufacturing sectors and reducing the manufacturing sector, it can be stated that the increasing role of the consumer factor in the location of the economy is a global trend.

Traditional Approaches

Territorial approach

For Russia, with its gigantic expanses, the territorial approach is of great importance, the application of which makes it possible to regulate territorial and economic processes. The essence of this approach is to take into account the complex relationships between various objects and phenomena located on the same territory. At the same time, the study is carried out at different spatial levels (ranks), the highest of which is global, followed by regional (subregional), national (country), district and local levels. The need to apply the territorial approach stems from the existence of a territorial organization of the country and the existing political and administrative structure of the Russian Federation. The huge scale of Russia, the variety of natural and social conditions characteristic of individual zones and regions presupposes taking into account regional features in solving complex economic problems, especially the development of new territories. This approach was used in previous decades and found its manifestation in the development of such programs as the transformation of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia, the development of the BAM zone, the development of the economy and culture of the small peoples of the North.

The territorial approach reveals ways of rational distribution of production throughout the country and its regions, ensuring the integrated development of individual territories based on their rational specialization, optimal dynamic spatial proportions of production and distribution of products, improving settlement systems, nature protection and improving the environment. At the same time, the ultimate goal of using the territorial approach in studying the distribution of productive forces is the most effective development of the economy in the interests of society as a whole.

A complex approach

An integrated approach means establishing the optimal interconnection between the elements of the economy of a certain territory, in which the main economic function (specialization) of the region is successfully performed based on the rational use of its natural, scientific, industrial, technical and socio-economic potential.

An integrated approach involves the balance of economic and social aspects of the functioning of the economy, the proportionality of the development of specialized, auxiliary and service industries, material production and the non-productive sector by coordinating the activities of enterprises and organizations of various departmental subordination located in the region.

Historical approach

The historical approach reveals the patterns of development of various territorial objects, processes and phenomena, the features of their occurrence and functioning at different time stages, makes it possible to trace the trends in their development.

Typological approach

The typological approach is used in territorial studies of various objects when comparing classifications (groupings) and typologies. This approach is associated with the development of such typologies that notice the quantitative differences in spatial objects, and the search for characterizing features and fundamental criteria for these typologies.

New approaches

Systems approach

A systematic approach involves considering each object (phenomenon, process, complex) as a complex formation, consisting of various elements (structural parts) interacting with each other. The application of this approach is most expedient when studying objects with various internal and external communications (territorial production complexes, transport system).

Ecological approach

The ecological approach involves the identification and study of the links that exist between the object under study and its environment. According to Academician I.P. Gerasimov, it should include control over changes in the environment, forecasting the consequences of the impact of economic activity on the environment, and optimizing the environment in the created natural and technical systems.

constructive approach

A constructive approach is associated with a change in spatial objects, phenomena and processes from the point of view of the possibility and expediency of their use in human life and economic activity. This approach is a kind of tool for building the optimal territorial organization of society and the basis for the development of applied regional research (district planning, long-term forecast of socio-economic development, etc.).

Behavioral Approach

The behavioral approach is used to study the behavior of people in space, which is determined by the peculiarities of the perception of the environment by various social, professional, gender and age, ethnic and other groups of people and is manifested in population migrations, the planning structure of settlements, the territorial organization of places of employment, etc.

Problem approach

The problematic approach focuses the study on the analysis and solution of a problem - a subjective category (since it is formulated by people) and acting as a barrier to achieving the goal. The goal of the development of society is a social benchmark (result) that must be achieved and in accordance with which society organizes its resources. Accordingly, a problem is understood as a concentrated expression of the contradictions of space-time development, which is important for the distribution of productive forces.

nature management- is the activity of human society, aimed at meeting their needs through the use of natural resources.

Allocate rational and irrational nature management.

Irrational nature management- this is a system of nature management, in which easily accessible natural resources are used in large quantities and not completely, which leads to the rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted.

Irrational environmental management is typical for an economy that develops through new construction, the development of new lands, the use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of employees. Such an economy at first brings good results with a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to a decrease in natural and labor resources.

Rational nature management- this is a system of nature management, in which extracted natural resources are used to a sufficient extent, restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured, production wastes are fully and repeatedly used (i.e. waste-free production is organized), which can significantly reduce environmental pollution.

Rational nature management is characteristic of an intensive economy, which develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and good labor organization with high labor productivity. An example of sustainable environmental management can be waste-free production, in which waste is fully used, resulting in reduced consumption of raw materials and minimizing environmental pollution.

One of the types of non-waste production is the multiple use of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc. in the technological process. The used water is purified and re-used in the production process.

nature management- the relationship between society and the geographical environment, formed as a result of human economic activity in specific historical conditions.

Ideally, the coexistence of man and the natural environment should be harmonious, and nature management should become exclusive.

Rational nature management is when it ensures the preservation and enhancement of natural resources, a certain balance between the economic development of society and the sustainability of the natural environment, and the preservation of public health. Rational nature management can be only if it is based on knowledge and consideration of the natural features of the territory and the stability of its nature to human impact. Rational nature management covers several interrelated areas: the protection of non-renewable natural resources, the protection of wildlife, and the protection of the environment.

The protection of non-renewable natural resources presupposes the full and integrated use of secondary resources, a resource-saving policy, the disposal of inevitable waste, and the widespread use of new materials and fuels. The effective protection of non-renewable natural resources is closely related to the technology of low-waste production. The first stage in the development of such a technology should be its low resource consumption. The second stage of development is the creation of closed cycle production. It lies in the fact that the waste of some industries can be raw materials for others. The third stage in the development of low-waste production technology is waste disposal, organization of disposal and neutralization of non-removable waste.

Wildlife protection involves the development of a system of specially protected areas, artificial breeding of rare species of animals and plants, and other environmental protection measures of a legal, economic, and educational nature.

The third direction of rational nature management provides for the preservation and creation of favorable natural conditions for the life and health of people. This environmental activity implements the idea of ​​humanization of nature management, that is, the preservation of the natural environment in such a state that it satisfies various human needs.

leads to a decrease in quality, depletion of natural resources and the restorative forces of nature, deterioration, primarily pollution of the natural environment, to the occurrence.

At the center of environmental problems is the correspondence of the natural environment to the conditions of human life. The severity of environmental problems is determined by three groups of indicators:

The main types of environmental problems:

• air pollution;
• depletion and pollution of land and sea waters;
• deforestation, degradation of forests and fodder lands;
• depletion of biological resources;
• water and wind erosion, secondary soil salinization;
• violation of the permafrost regime of soils;
• complex disturbance of lands during the development of mineral raw materials, loss of productive lands;
• reduction and loss of recreational qualities of natural complexes, violation of the regime of specially protected areas;
• radiation damage to the territory.

Different territories differ in the set of environmental problems inherent in them and in their severity.

Irrational use of natural resources is also the cause of environmental disasters.

The ecological crisis is characterized not so much by the increased impact of man on nature as by a sharp increase in the influence of nature changed by people on social development.

nature management

nature management - a set of human impacts on the geographic shell of the Earth, considered in a complex

There are rational and irrational nature management. Rational nature management is aimed at ensuring the conditions for the existence of mankind and obtaining material benefits, at the maximum use of each natural territorial complex, at preventing or minimizing the possible harmful effects of production processes or other types of human activity, at maintaining and increasing the productivity and attractiveness of nature, ensuring and regulating an economical development of its resources. Irrational nature management affects the quality, waste and exhaustion of natural resources, undermines the restorative forces of nature, pollutes the environment, reduces its health and aesthetic qualities.

The impact of mankind on nature has changed significantly in the process of the historical development of society. In the early stages, society was a passive consumer of natural resources. With the growth of productive forces and the change of socio-economic formations, the influence of society on nature increased. Already under the conditions of the slave-owning system and feudalism, large irrigation systems were built. The capitalist system with its spontaneous economy, the pursuit of profits and private ownership of many sources of natural resources, as a rule, severely limits the possibilities of rational environmental management. The best conditions for rational use of natural resources exist under the socialist system, with its planned economy and concentration of natural resources in the hands of the state. There are numerous examples of the improvement of the natural environment as a result of a comprehensive consideration of the possible consequences of certain transformations of nature (success in irrigation, enrichment of the fauna, the creation of shelter forest plantations, etc.).

Nature management, along with physical and economic geography, is closely connected with ecology, sociology, economics, and especially with the technology of various industries.

Rational nature management

Rational nature management is a system of nature management in which:

Extracted natural resources are used quite fully and, accordingly, the amount of consumed resources decreases;

The restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured;

Production waste is fully and repeatedly used.

The system of rational nature management can significantly reduce environmental pollution. Rational nature management is characteristic of an intensive economy, that is, an economy that develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and better organization of labor with high labor productivity. An example of sustainable use of natural resources would be waste-free production or a zero-waste production cycle in which waste is fully utilized, resulting in reduced consumption of raw materials and minimizing environmental pollution. Production can use waste from both its own production process and waste from other industries; Thus, several enterprises of the same or different industries can be included in the non-waste cycle. One of the types of non-waste production (the so-called circulating water supply) is the multiple use in the technological process of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc.; the used water is purified and re-used in the production process.

The components of rational nature management - protection, development and transformation of nature - are manifested in various forms in relation to various types of natural resources. When using practically inexhaustible resources (energy of solar and underground heat, high and low tides, etc.), the rationality of nature management is measured primarily by the lowest operating costs, the highest efficiency of mining industries and installations. For resources that are drawn and, at the same time, non-renewable (for example, mineral), the complexity and cost-effectiveness of extraction, the reduction of waste, etc. are important. The protection of resources that are renewable in the course of use is aimed at maintaining their productivity and resource turnover, and their exploitation should ensure their economical, integrated and waste-free extraction and be accompanied by measures to prevent damage to related types of resources.

Irrational nature management

Unsustainable nature management is a system of nature management in which the most easily available natural resources are used in large quantities and usually not completely, which leads to the rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted. Irrational nature management is typical for an extensive economy, that is, for an economy that develops through new construction, the development of new lands, the use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of employees. An extensive economy at first brings good results with a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to the exhaustion of natural and labor resources. One of the many examples of irrational nature management is slash-and-burn agriculture, which is also widespread in Southeast Asia today. Land burning leads to the destruction of wood, air pollution, poorly controlled fires, etc. Often, irrational nature management is a consequence of narrow departmental interests and the interests of transnational corporations that locate their hazardous industries in developing countries.

Natural resources

The geographic envelope of the earth has huge and diverse reserves of natural resources. However, the resources are unevenly distributed. As a result, individual countries and regions have different resource availability.

Resource availability is the ratio between the amount of natural resources and the amount of their use. The resource availability is expressed either by the number of years for which these resources should be enough, or by the reserves of resources per capita. The indicator of resource availability is influenced by the wealth or poverty of the territory in natural resources, the scale of extraction and the class of natural resources (exhaustible or inexhaustible resources).

In socio-economic geography, several groups of resources are distinguished: mineral, land, water, forest, resources of the World Ocean, space, climatic and recreational resources.

Almost all mineral resources are classified as non-renewable. Mineral resources include fuel minerals, ore minerals and non-metallic minerals.

Fuel Minerals are of sedimentary origin and usually accompany the cover of ancient platforms and their internal and marginal bends. More than 3.6 thousand coal basins and deposits are known on the globe, which occupy 15% of the earth's land area. Coal basins of the same geological age often form coal accumulation belts stretching for thousands of kilometers.

The bulk of the world's coal resources are in the northern hemisphere - Asia, North America and Europe. The main part lies in the 10 largest basins. These basins are located in the territories of Russia, the USA and Germany.

More than 600 oil and gas basins have been explored, another 450 are being developed, and the total number of oil fields reaches 50 thousand. The main oil and gas basins are concentrated in the northern hemisphere - in Asia, North America and Africa. The richest are the basins of the Persian and Gulf of Mexico and the West Siberian basin.

Ore minerals accompany the foundations of ancient platforms. In such areas, large metallogenic belts (Alpine-Himalayan, Pacific) are formed, which serve as raw material bases for the mining and metallurgical industries and determine the economic specialization of individual regions and even entire countries. The countries located in these belts have favorable prerequisites for the development of the mining industry.

Are widespread non-metallic minerals , whose deposits are found both in platform and folded areas.

For economic development, territorial combinations of minerals are most beneficial, which facilitate the complex processing of raw materials and the formation of large territorial production complexes.

The earth is one of the main resources of nature, the source of life. The world land fund is about 13.5 billion hectares. In its structure, cultivated lands, meadows and pastures, forests and shrubs, unproductive and unproductive lands are distinguished. Of great value are cultivated lands, which provide 88% of the food necessary for mankind. Cultivated lands are mainly concentrated in the forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones of the planet. Of considerable importance are meadows and pastures, which provide 10% of the food consumed by humans.

The structure of the land fund is constantly changing. It is influenced by two opposite processes: the artificial expansion of land by man and the degradation of land due to natural process.

Every year, 6-7 million hectares of land fall out of agricultural circulation due to soil erosion and desertification. As a result of these processes, the load on the land is constantly increasing, and the availability of land resources is constantly falling. The least secured land resources include Egypt, Japan, South Africa, etc.

Water resources are the main source of meeting human needs for water. Until recently, water was considered one of the free gifts of nature, only in areas of artificial irrigation, it has always had a high price. The water reserves of the planet are 47 thousand m3. Moreover, only half of the water reserves can actually be used. Fresh water resources make up only 2.5% of the total volume of the hydrosphere. In absolute terms, this is 30-35 million m3, which is 10 thousand times more than the needs of mankind. But the vast majority of fresh water is conserved in the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, in the ice of the Arctic, in mountain glaciers and forms an "emergency reserve" that is not yet suitable for use. River waters (“water rations”) remain the main source of meeting the needs of mankind in fresh water. It is not so significant and you can actually use about half of this amount. The main consumer of fresh water is agriculture. Almost 2/3 of water is used in agriculture for land irrigation. The constant increase in water consumption creates a threat of fresh water scarcity. Such a shortage is experienced by the countries of Asia, Africa, Western Europe.

To solve the problems of water supply, a person uses several ways: for example, he builds reservoirs; saves water through the introduction of technologies that reduce its losses; carries out desalination of sea water, redistribution of river runoff in moisture-rich areas, etc.

River flow is also used to obtain hydraulic potential. There are three types of hydraulic potential: gross (30-35 trillion kW/h), technical (20 trillion kW/h), economic (10 trillion kW/h). The economic potential is a part of the gross and technical hydraulic potential, the use of which is justified. The countries of foreign Asia, Latin America, North America, Europe and Australia have the greatest economic hydraulic potential. However, in Europe this potential has already been used by 70%, in Asia - by 14%, in Africa - by 3%.

The biomass of the Earth is created by plant and animal organisms. Plant resources are represented by both cultivated and wild plants. Among the wild vegetation, forest vegetation predominates, which forms forest resources.

Forest resources are characterized by two indicators :

1) the size of the forest area (4.1 billion hectares);

2) standing wood reserves (330 billion hectares).

This reserve increases annually by 5.5 billion m3. At the end of the XX century. forests began to be cut down for arable land, plantations and construction. As a result, the area of ​​forests is reduced annually by 15 million hectares. This leads to a reduction in the woodworking industry.

The forests of the world form two huge belts. The northern forest belt is located in the temperate and subtropical zones. The most densely forested countries of this belt are Russia, USA, Canada, Finland, Sweden. The southern forest belt is located in the zone of the tropical and equatorial belts. The forests of this belt are concentrated in three areas: in the Amazon, in the Congo basins and in Southeast Asia.

Animal resources are also classified as renewable. Together, plants and animals form the genetic fund (gene pool) of the planet. One of the most important tasks of our time is the preservation of biological diversity, the prevention of "erosion" of the gene pool.

The oceans contain a large group of natural resources. First, it is sea water, which contains 75 chemical elements. Secondly, these are mineral resources, such as oil, natural gas, solid minerals. Thirdly, energy resources (tidal energy). Fourth, biological resources (animals and plants). Fourthly, these are the biological resources of the World Ocean. The biomass of the ocean has 140 thousand species, and the mass is estimated at 35 billion tons. The most productive resources of the Norwegian, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas.

Climate resources - this is the solar system, heat, moisture, light. The geographical distribution of these resources is reflected in the agro-climatic map. Space resources include wind and wind energy, which is essentially inexhaustible, relatively cheap and does not pollute the environment.

Recreational resources are distinguished not by the peculiarities of origin, but by the nature of use. These include both natural and man-made objects and phenomena that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment. They are divided into four types: recreational and medical (for example, treatment with mineral waters), recreational and health-improving (for example, bathing and beach areas), recreational and sports (for example, ski resorts) and recreational and educational (for example, historical monuments).

The division of recreational resources into natural-recreational and cultural-historical sights is widely used. Natural and recreational resources include sea coasts, banks of rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, outcrops of mineral springs and therapeutic mud. Cultural and historical sights are monuments of history, archeology, architecture, art.

Being a part of nature, for many centuries man has used its gifts for the development of technology and for the benefit of human civilization, while causing colossal and irreparable harm to the surrounding space. The modern facts of scientists indicate that it is time to think about the rational use of nature, because the thoughtless waste of earth's resources can lead to an irreversible environmental disaster.

nature management system

The modern system of nature management is an integral structure covering all areas of human activity at the present stage, including public consumption of natural resources.

Science considers nature management as a set of measures for the rational use of natural resources, aimed not only at processing, but also at restoration, using improved methods and technologies. In addition, it is a discipline that provides theoretical knowledge and practical skills to preserve and increase the natural diversity and wealth of the entire world space.

Classification of natural resources

By origin, natural resources are divided into:

According to production use, there are:

• World Land Fund.
• The forest fund is part of the land resources on which trees, shrubs, and grasses grow.
• Hydro resources are the energy and fossils of lakes, rivers, seas, oceans.

According to the degree of exhaustion:

Rational and irrational nature management

Rational nature management is the continuous impact of a person on the environment, where he knows how to manage relationships with nature on the basis of its conservation and protection from undesirable consequences in the course of his activities.

Signs of rational nature management:

• Restoration and reproduction of natural resources.
• Preservation of land, water, animals and flora.
• Gentle extraction of minerals and harmless processing.
• Preservation of the natural environment for human, animal and plant life.
• Maintaining the ecological balance of the natural system.
• Regulation of birth rate and population.

Rational nature management implies the interaction of the entire natural system based on the maintenance of the laws of ecology, rationalization in the use, conservation and enhancement of available resources. The essence of nature management is based on the primary laws of mutual synthesis of various natural systems. Thus, rational nature management is understood as the analysis of a biosystem, its careful exploitation, protection and reproduction, taking into account not only the current, but also the future interests of the development of economic sectors and the preservation of human health.

Examples of rational nature management are:

The current state of nature management shows an irrational approach, which leads to the destruction of the ecological balance and a very difficult recovery from human impact. In addition, extensive exploitation based on old technologies has led to a situation in which the environment is in a polluted and oppressed state.

Signs of irrational nature management:

There are quite a large number of examples of irrational nature management, which, unfortunately, prevails in economic activity and is typical for intensive production.

Examples of irrational nature management:

• Slash-and-burn agriculture, plowing of slopes on highlands, which leads to the formation of ravines, soil erosion and the destruction of the fertile layer of the earth (humus).
• Change in the hydrological regime.
• Deforestation, destruction of protected areas, overgrazing.
• Discharge of waste and sewage into rivers, lakes, seas.
• Atmospheric pollution with chemicals.
• Extermination of valuable species of plants, animals and fish.
• Open pit mining.

Principles of rational nature management

Human activity, in the search for ways to rationally use natural resources and improve environmental safety methods, is based on the following principles:

Ways to implement the principles

At the present stage, many countries are implementing political programs and projects in the field of applying rational methods of using natural resources, which relate to:

In addition, within the framework of a separate state, work is underway aimed at the development and implementation of regional plans and environmental measures, and state and public organizations should also manage and control activities in this area. These measures will:

• provide the population with environmentally safe work in production;
• create a healthy environment for residents of cities and villages;
• reduce the dangerous impact from natural disasters and catastrophes;
• preserve the ecosystem in disadvantaged regions;
• introduce modern technologies to ensure environmental standards;
• regulate acts of environmental legislation.

The problem of rational use of natural resources is much broader and more complex than it might seem at first glance. It must be remembered that everything in nature is closely interconnected and none of its components can exist in isolation from each other.

The damage caused in the course of centuries of economic activity can be corrected only if society takes a conscious approach to solving problems in the global environmental situation. And this is everyday work for an individual, a state and the world community.

In addition, before saving any biological subject, it is necessary to thoroughly study the entire agrobiological system, acquire knowledge and understand the essence of its existence. And only by knowing nature and its laws, a person will be able to rationally use all its benefits and resources, as well as increase and save for the future generation of people.