Pronouns (Pronoun)

A pronoun is a part of speech that replaces or describes other parts of speech. There are a huge number of pronouns in the English language. They can be divided into the following groups:

Now let's look at each group of pronouns:

1. Personal pronouns. This is the most common group of pronouns and appears in almost every sentence. English language, so try to learn them so that they come to your mind. Personal pronouns are divided into two cases: nominative and objective.

A pronoun in the nominative case replaces the subject in a sentence, and in the objective case it replaces the object. Let's look at the personal pronouns in the table:

them [ðem] - to them, theirs

Where is l. - face; units h. - singular; pl. h. - plural.

I must go to you.- I have to go to you.
We should sleep every night.- We must sleep every night.
Did you see them?-Have you seen them?
You were there.- You were there.
He can work with her.- He can work with her.
She is having breakfast.- She's having breakfast.
It is the gold coin.- This is a gold coin.
They left us.- They left us.

Personal pronouns in English have a number of features:

• Personal pronoun I always begins with a capital letter, regardless of place in the sentence:
May I come in?- Can I come in?


Personal pronoun you used in singular and plural. In this case, the verb to be is always used in the plural, even if you is in the sentence singular:


You are beautiful.- You are beautiful.


If there are several personal pronouns in a sentence, then their order is as follows - 2 l. and 3 l. placed before 1 l., 2 l. placed before 3 l. in any cases (remember that pronouns always replace other parts of speech, so if instead of a pronoun there is a noun, then the word order is determined by the same rule):


You and your brother should do the homework.- You and your brother must do your homework.
He asked father and me.- He asked his father and me.


The objective case of personal pronouns can be in the genitive (whom?, what?), dative (whom?, what?), instrumental (whom?, what?) and prepositional (about whom, about what) cases, examples:


I did it for her.- I did it for her. (for whom?)
She gave me an apple.- She gave me an apple. (to whom?)
It was bought by us.- It was bought by us. (by whom?)
The bird cared about them.- The bird took care of them. (about whom?)


A peculiarity of the English language is that the division by gender in speech is expressed only with people. In other cases the personal pronoun is used It. It is placed in place of inanimate objects, animals or children. This greatly simplifies the process of learning a language, since we do not need to learn what kind of this or that noun in order to replace it with the corresponding pronoun, as we do in Russian. However, if we want to emphasize the gender of some phenomenon, animal, it is allowed to use pronouns he And she. Also pronoun It can be used as a formal subject (when there is no subject in the Russian translation - see general information about the sentence), examples:


I took a pen. It is black- I took the pen. She's black.
It is hot now.- It's hot now.

Possessive pronouns. They indicate that a noun belongs to an object or subject. Typically corresponds to the personal pronoun in a sentence. There are basic and absolute forms.

Basic form A possessive pronoun stands in a sentence together with a noun and characterizes its belonging.

Absolute form replaces a noun in a sentence, but it is implied that the noun has been previously spoken about. This allows you to get rid of unnecessary repetition of the same word in the text.

Please note that the possessive pronoun is used much more often in English than in Russian. In English, if we talk about parts of the body, items of clothing, personal belongings, then a possessive pronoun is required, although in Russian it is usually omitted:

He waves his hand.- He waves his hand.

Let's look at possessive pronouns:

mine

my you

your

yours

your he

his

his

his she

her

hers

her it

its

its

him, her you plural h.

your

yours

your we

our

ours

our they

their [ðeə(r)]

theirs [ðeəz]

their

Basic form examples:

I gave you my pen.- I gave you my pen.
You can go with your friend.- You can go with your friend.
It was his phone.- It was his phone.
We came to her mother.- We came to her mother.
The dog gives me its paw.- The dog gives me his paw.
They can't do our work.- They can't do our job.
They left me their child.- They left me their child.

Examples of absolute form:

This is her car. Mine is broken.- This is her car. Mine is broken.
Your table is dirty. Ours is cleaner.- Your table is dirty. Our table is cleaner.
I forgot my pencil. Can you give me yours?- I forgot my pencil. Can you give me yours?

Sentences with other possessive pronouns are constructed similarly. And also, if there is an adjective before the noun, then the possessive pronoun is placed before the adjective:

I like your red coat.- I like your red coat

Possessive pronoun its often confused with the combination it"s - short form it is (I am). Its surface was damaged.- Its surface was damaged.
It is its hair.- this is her hair.

You need to look at the place in the sentence and the words nearby.

Also, reflexive pronouns act as determiners of nouns, so the use of articles with them is not allowed.

Reflexive pronouns. They show that the subject directs the action towards itself and is translated into Russian as an addition to the ending of the verb -sya(-s) or the pronoun seba, sebe, sam... . Each reflexive pronoun has a corresponding personal pronoun. All of them are shown in the table:

You hit yourself.
- You hit yourself.
he It happened by itself.
- It happened on its own.
you (plural) They will introduce themselves tomorrow.
- They will introduce themselves tomorrow.

However, when using reflexive pronouns you need to remember a number of rules:

Instead of a personal pronoun, there can be a corresponding noun:


My dog ​​opened a door itself.- My dog ​​opened the door itself.


Reflexive pronouns are not used with verbs, which themselves imply that the action is directed towards oneself, or towards each other. These include wash (wash), bath (shower), feel (feel), shave (shave), dress (dress), undress (undress), change (change clothes), relax (rest), hide (hide):


She felt bad (you can’t say felt herself).- She felt bad.
They kissed at street.- They kissed on the street.


Reflexive pronouns cannot be used with prepositions of place. Since the personal pronoun in the objective case can also be translated itself, to itself, confusion may arise. In order not to be confused about which pronoun to put (reflexive or personal pronoun in the objective case), use the rule: if in the Russian translation of a sentence you can put “sam”, then the reflexive pronoun is used, otherwise the personal pronoun in the objective case is used:


She spent all the money herself.- She spent all the money herself.
She put an ambrella in front of her.- She put the umbrella in front of her (you can’t tell in front).

Interrogative pronouns (words). Also a very common type of pronouns that is used in interrogative sentences. Let's look at the main ones:

What do you do? What are you doing? When could this happen? When could this happen? Why do we work here? Why do we work here?

how - how

How is it possible? How is this possible?

In general, English question words correspond to Russian ones, but there are a number of features:

Interrogative pronoun who acts as a subject, and is used when asking questions to people.


Who runs with him? -Who is running with him?

Although the interrogative pronoun who has an objective case whom - whom, but increasingly fulfills this role itself in a sentence:


Who (whom) did they invite to us? -Who did they invite to us?

Pronoun which used in interrogative sentences when a choice from a limited number of items is offered:


Which lock of these three do you prefer? - Which castle of these three do you prefer?


But if we were talking about an unlimited number of locks of all types, the pronoun would be used what:

What lock do you prefer? - Which castle of these three do you prefer?

Relative pronouns. These pronouns are used in complex sentences and relate to subordinate clauses. Most of them also apply to interrogative pronouns. Unlike unions, they act in subordinate clause member of the sentence (usually the subject). Let's look at the basic relative pronouns:

Who- who, which. Used in sentences with animate objects - people: I saw the gardener who planted this tree. - I saw the gardener who planted this tree.


Whose- which (whose)

Indicates that an item belongs to some object:

We know a man whose spoon you took.- We know the person whose spoon you took.


Which- which. Applies to inanimate objects or animals:


Parents knocked the door which was closed.- The parents knocked on the door, which was closed.


That[ðæt] - which

Replaces previous pronouns who And which, and can refer to both animate and inanimate objects:

This was the writer that can"t finish his last book.- This was a writer who could not finish his last book.
Mother bought the new knives that were very sharp.- Mom bought new knives, which were very sharp.

Demonstrative pronouns. Point to an object or person. Basic demonstrative pronouns:

those [ðəʊz] - those

Demonstrative pronouns denote remoteness not only in distance, but also in time. In a sentence they can be as the following members of the sentence:

Subject:


This is my ball.- This is my ball.
Those were their friends.- These were their friends (Although this is translated, it means that the friends are in a different place).


Noun determiner:

These cars are very beautiful.- These cars are very beautiful.
I like that place.- I like that place.


Addition:

Remember this!- Remember this!
A doctor chose these. - The doctor chose these.

Please note that if the noun is preceded by a demonstrative pronoun in the form of a determiner, then there is no need to use the article, since the pronoun itself acts as an article.

Two more pronouns can be classified as demonstrative pronouns:

such - such
the same - the same

For example:

Such a big room looks nice.- Such a big room looks good.
It happened at the same time.- It happened at the same time.

Quantitative pronouns.

The most famous of this group are two quantitative pronouns, which can come before any noun in almost any situation: some

AND any["eni]. Therefore, if it is difficult to choose a determiner for a noun, you can always use one of these pronouns. They denote the quality or quantity of an object. Moreover, the pronoun some usually used in affirmative sentences, and the pronoun any in negative or interrogative sentences:
I have some question.- I have a question (some question).
I don't have any questions.- I don't have any questions.
Do you have any questions?- Do you have any questions?
Some boy calls you.- Some guy is calling you (quality).

Often when translated into Russian they are omitted as articles:

Some stranger asked you.- The stranger asked you.

There are a number of features with these pronouns:

In questions of requests, the pronoun is used some:


Will you give us some water?-Will you give us some water?


If the pronoun some stands before the numeral, then it is translated about, approximately:


Some twenty time he went past her.- He walked past her about twenty times.


Pronouns some And any before the preposition of is translated as some, any:


Some of them can go away.- Some of them may leave.
Did you see any of us there?- Did you see any of us there?


Pronoun any translated in affirmative sentences - any:


You can arrive there by any car.- You can come there in any car.

The remaining quantitative pronouns have similar qualities, so let’s summarize them in one table:

Pronoun	Condition of use	Examples
a lot of [ə lɒt ɒv] - a lot	In affirmative sentences before countable and uncountable nouns	She has a lot of problems.- She has a lot of problems. Workers brought a lot of coal.- The workers brought a lot of coal.
many ["meni] - a lot	In interrogative and negative sentences before countable nouns	Do you have many pairs of shoes?- Do you have a lot of shoes? There weren't many trees in the park.- There weren't many trees in the park.
much - a lot	In interrogative and negative sentences before uncountable nouns	Does he have much water?- Does he have a lot of water? They don't have much time.- They don't have much time.
few - few	In sentences before countable nouns	He gives few coins.- He gives few coins.
little ["litl] - little	In sentences before uncountable nouns	A plane has little fuel.- The plane has little fuel.
a little [ə "litl] - a little	There is a little tea in the cup.- There is some tea in the mug.
a few [ə fju:] - a little	I want a few new t-shirt.- I want some new T-shirts.

Often these pronouns are classified as adverbs, since they are translated into Russian by adverbs, and one cannot say that this would be a mistake (look at the formation of degrees of comparison of adverbs).

And there is another quantitative pronoun that determines nouns: several["sevrəl] - several

: Several new students took wrong books.- Several new students took the wrong books.

Indefinite and negative pronouns. This is the largest group of pronouns in the English language.

Look at the negative pronoun first no

Which is involved in the formation of other negative pronouns. It comes before a noun and denotes the absence of something categorically (that is, this issue is not discussed further):

I saw no children.- I haven’t seen any children.
A cat has no toys.- The cat has no toys.

To form indefinite and negative pronouns, they are used some, any And no. We must remember that in English there cannot be a double negative, that is, if in Russian we can say: Nobody can help me in English this sentence will contain only one negation: Nobody can help me or Anybody can"t help me. Also derivatives formed from particles -one And -body, mean the same thing. For clarity, consider these pronouns in one table:



I cooked something for you. -
I have prepared something for you.
Did the professor ask you anything? -
Did the professor ask you anything?
Somebody will come here. -
Someone will come here.
I don't see anyone. -
I don't see anyone.
He is somewhere over there. -
He's out there somewhere.
Did we meet anywhere else? -
Have we met somewhere else?


Pronouns each- every

AND every["evri] - although each has a similar meaning, they still differ in meaning:

Pronoun each selects an object from a group (therefore only used with countable nouns):


Each forester could do it differently.- Each forester could do this differently (each of the foresters separately).

Pronoun every in general whole value (all):


Every forester likes a forest.- Every forester loves the forest (all foresters).

Derivatives from every- (every):

everything["evriθiŋ] - everything

For better remembering, let's break the pronoun into two words: every - every and thing - thing. And if you add up both parts of the Russian translation: each + thing = everything, example:

I know everything about him.- I know everything about him. Everything will start here.- It all starts here.

everybody["evribɒdi] - everything

To remember, we will resort to the same method: every - each and body - body. And if you add up both parts of the Russian translation: each + body = everything, example:

Our teacher said to do this exercise to everyone.- Our teacher told everyone to do this exercise. Everybody likes ice-cream.- Everyone loves ice cream.

everywhere["evriweə(r)] - everywhere

: There were pencils everywhere.- There were pencils everywhere. It was dangerous everywhere.- It was dangerous everywhere.

Please note that all these pronouns correspond to 3l. units h. (from the word each), so the verb after them takes the appropriate form.

Pronoun one applies:

In the form of an indefinite personal pronoun and usually not translated into Russian:


One must not smoke here.- You can't smoke here.
One never can go faster this area.- No one can go faster in this area.


As a substitute word, to avoid unnecessary repetition of a word in a sentence:


I buy new book. This is one more interesting.- I'm buying new book. This book is more interesting.


Pronouns other["ʌðə(r)] - another, one more

, another[ə"nʌðə(r)] - different.

Other comes before a noun and indicates that the noun is definite, but not the one mentioned earlier in the sentence:


I took this glass and you take the other glass on the table.- I took this glass, and you take another glass on the table. (There were 2 glasses on the table, I took one, and you take the second glass)


That is, the pronoun other used if selected from a certain number of specific items. If the other item is unknown, then before other is put indefinite article an and the pronoun takes the form another:


I took this glass and you take another glass.- I took this glass, and you take another glass.


This means any other glass. But if the noun is plural, then the pronoun is always used other:


Give me other glasses.- Give me other glasses.


In the case when the pronoun stands without a noun, the noun itself is put in the plural:


These are my glasses. You can take others.- These are my glasses. You can take others.

• Pronoun both- both, both

  : I like both colors.- I like both colors.
  They are both twenty years old.- They are both 20 years old.
  

• Reciprocal pronouns. This group includes two pronouns:

  each other	each other, one to another
  one another	each other, one to another

  These pronouns mean the same thing, and in principle they can be interchangeable in a sentence:
  

  We love each other.- We love each other. Parents didn't see one another for a long time.- The parents did not see each other for a long time.

Quickly go:

A pronoun is a part of speech that is used instead of a noun.

Pushkin is the greatest Russian poet. He was born in 1799
Pushkin is the greatest Russian poet. He was born in 1799.

Pronouns in English can be used in a sentence as a function:

Not a doctor.
He is a doctor.

The red pencil is mine.
My red pencil.

I have not seen him.
I didn't see him.

I cannot find my pencil.
I can't find my pencil.

Simple form Possessive pronouns are always required after a noun and, being its definition, exclude the use of an article before this noun:

My pencil is on the table.
My pencil is on the table.

Absolute form Possessive pronouns are used independently - nouns are never placed after them.

This pencil is mine.
This pencil is mine.

Refundable pronouns come after many verbs and correspond in Russian to the particle - "Xia" ("s"), which is attached to verbs, showing that the action passes to the actor himself:

Not defended himself.
He defended himself.

Don't cut yourself.
Don't cut yourself.

Pronouns in English: table with translation and examples

Table. Pronouns.

1. Personal (Personal Pronouns)	nominative (Nominative Case)	objective case (Objective Case)
	I- I you- you, you he- He she- she it- he, she, it we- We you- You they- They	me- me, me you- you, you, you, you him- him, him her- her, her it- his, her, him, her us- us, us you- you, you them- them, them
2. Possessives (Possessive Pronouns)	I form	II form
	mу- my (i, -e, -i) your- yours (-i, -e, -i), yours (a, -e, -i) his- his her- her its- him, her our- our (a, -e, -i) your- your (-a, -e, -i) their- their all these pronouns can also be translated by the word your	mine- my (i, -e, -i) yours- yours (i, -e, -i), yours (a, -e, -i) his- his hers- her its- him, her ours- our (-a, -e, -i) yours- your (-a, -e, -i) theirs- their
3. Return and amplifier (Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns)	myself- (I) myself, myself (-a) yourself- (you, you) yourself, yourself (s) himself- (he) himself, himself herself- (she) herself, herself itself- (it) itself, itself ourselves- (we) ourselves, ourselves yourselves- (you) yourself, yourself themselves- (they) themselves, themselves
4. Mutual (Reciprocal Pronouns)	each other- each other one another- one another
5. Index fingers (Demonstrative Pronouns)	this (these) - this, this, this, (these) that (those) - that, that, that, (those) such- such the same- the same, the same
6. Interrogative (Interrogative Pronouns)	who (whom) - who, (whom) whose- whose what- what, what, which, who which- which, which, who, what
7. Relative and connecting (Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns)	who (whom) - who (whom), which (whom) whose- whose, whom what- what, which which- which, which, who, what that- which
8. Undefined (Indefinite Pronouns)	some- some, some, a little (approved sentence) any- some, some (in questions and negative sentences), any one- someone, some all- everything, everything, everything, everything each- every every- everyone, everyone other- other(s) another- another both- both many- many, many much- a lot few- few, few little- few either- any (of two) no- none, none, no none- no one, nothing neither- neither one nor the other, no one, nothing
Use
1. Personal	subject I shall speak to him. - I'll talk to him. addition I shall speak to him. - I'll talk to him. part of the predicate That was he. - That was him.
2. Possessives	definition Her paper was interesting. - Her article was interesting. subject My room is large, yours is larger. - My room is big, yours is bigger. part of the predicate This paper is his. - This article is his. addition We haven’t seen your paper, we have seen only theirs. We didn't see your article, we only saw theirs.
3. Return and amplifier	addition I wash myself. - I'm washing my face. Not himself saw it. - He saw it himself. Didn't saw it himself. - He saw it himself.
4. Mutual	addition They greeted each other.- They greeted each other.
5. Index fingers	subject This was pleasant. - It was nice. addition He likes this. - He likes it. part of the predicate It was that. - That was (just) that. definition I know these songs. - I know these songs.
6. Interrogative	subject Who knows this story? - Who knows this story? addition What did you see there? - What did you see there? part of the predicate What has she become? - Who has she become? definition Which month is the warmest? - Which month is the warmest?
7. Relative and connecting	subject The man who is sitting there is my friend. - The man who sits there is my friend. addition I don't know whom he sent there. - I don't know who he sent there. part of the predicate The question is who will go there. - The question is who will go there. definition I don't know whose paper this is. - I don’t know whose article this is.
8. Undefined	subject One must do it. - We need to do this. addition He told us something. - He told us something. definition Any student can do it. - Any student can do this. part of the predicate It is too much for me. - This is too much for me.
Translation: pronouns

A pronoun, instead of a name, helps replace a noun in speech to avoid annoying repetitions. In English, as in Russian, there are several types of pronouns. Today we will talk about what these pronouns are, how they are expressed and how to easily and quickly learn them. How to easily learn English pronouns?

Getting to know the types of pronouns in English

The first type and the most important - Personal Pronouns. This type of pronoun is the most common in speech. Everyone, both beginners and people who have been practicing English for a long time, knows simple and short words:

I - I You - you/you
He - he She - she
It - it, this
We - we They - they

Pay attention to the offers:

• I am busy now. - I'm busy now.
• They are going to take their sister with them. — They are going to take their sister with them.
• We must learn English pronouns. — We must learn English pronouns.

The same Personal Pronouns, but in the genitive and dative cases:

Me - me, me
You - you, you/you, you
Him - him, to him
Her - her, her Its - his, him
Us - us, to us
Them - them, to them For example:

• Tell us that you are not guilty! - Tell us it's not your fault!
• Allow them to pass, please. - Let them pass, please.
• Take me with you. - Take me with you.

The next type of English pronouns is Possessive Pronouns (possessives):

My - my (my, mine)
Your - yours/yours
His
Her - her Its - his
Our - ours
Their - theirs

• Give me my copy-book, please. - Give me my notebook, please.
• Where is your coat? -Where is your coat?
• She is walking with her dog. — She is walking with her (her) dog.

Reflexive Pronouns or reflexive pronouns look like this:

Myself - I myself (myself, myself, etc.)
Yourself - you yourself
Himself - himself
Herself - she herself
Itself - it itself
Ourselves - ourselves
Yourselves - yourself
Themselves - themselves

• It switches itself off. — It turns off by itself.
• She does everything herself. - She does everything herself.
• You should think about yourselves. “You should think about yourself.”

And finally, the absolute form or Absolute Pronouns, which is used without nouns:

Mine - mine, mine, mine
Yours - yours
His
Hers - her Its - his
Ours - ours
Theirs - theirs For example:

• Don't touch this bag; it's mine! - Don't touch this bag, it's mine!
• This is our classroom; where is yours? - This is our class, where is yours?
• My flat is on the first floor, theirs is on the last floor. — My apartment is on the first floor, and theirs is on the last.

We will not dwell in detail on each type of English pronouns, because we examined them in detail in our previous articles. We'll just focus on how to learn them quickly and effectively.
Demonstrative pronouns in English

Learn English pronouns quickly and effectively!

So, you have decided to master pronouns in English and remember them once and for all! A very correct decision, because not a single dialogue, not a single conversation is complete without these words. We want to offer you several ways to quickly and firmly learn all these types of English pronouns. Moreover, this can be done without interrupting work, household chores or relaxation.

First, make yourself a table that contains all of the above types of “substitutes” for English nouns. For example, like this:

PersonalPronouns	Genitive and Dative case	PossessivePronouns	ReflexivePronouns	AbsolutePronouns
I - I You - you/you He - he She - she It - it, this We - we They - they	Me - me, me You - you, you/you, you Him - him, to him Her - her, her Its - his, him Us - us, to us Them - them, to them	My - my (my, mine) Your - yours/yours His Her - her Its - his Our - ours Their - theirs	Myself - I myself (myself, myself, etc.) Yourself - you yourself Himself - himself Herself - she herself Itself - it itself Ourselves - ourselves Yourselves - yourself Themselves - themselves	Mine is mine Yours - yours His Hers - her Its - his Ours - ours Theirs - theirs

Make several copies of this sign, each type of pronoun separately and all together. Fortunately, English pronouns are short words, and each type is consonant with the previous one, that is, they are similar in sound and even in spelling.

So you've made a table; Now place leaves or funny colored stickers with a sign wherever possible: on your desktop, on a bookshelf, in a work bag, in a case along with mobile phone, in the kitchen near your favorite cup, near the cupboard with dishes. Let these pronouns be before your eyes until you “click them like seeds.”

Seeing English pronouns before your eyes at every step, simply repeat them out loud several times. Also, substitute auxiliary words with the help of which the pronouns will be more firmly etched in memory: my book, his cup etc. Complicate the task, add more auxiliary words: this is our house, that is their car etc.

Call things around you with pronouns

“Scan” English pronouns with your eyes at every opportunity and free minute: on the way to work, from work or from school, at night before going to bed, etc. You yourself will not notice how your visual memory will serve you well, and you learn pronouns in just a few days.

To make your speech in a foreign language expressive, correct and varied, and also to learn to understand what other people say (write), you need to know English pronouns. The table (and more than one) will be presented in this article with the necessary explanations to facilitate the assimilation of grammatical material.

What is a pronoun and what is it for?

This part of speech is used in any language to avoid tautology, enliven dry statements, and also make them more logical. Pronouns in English are called Pronouns, which translates as “instead of nouns.”

This service component functions as a substitute for those parts of speech that have already been mentioned in spoken or written text. Nouns and adjectives can be replaced, and a little less often - adverbs and numerals. Pronouns help us maintain consistency and clarity in the presentation of thoughts, but at the same time not repeat ourselves, naming the same people, objects, phenomena, signs, etc. again.

What are the pronouns in English?

English pronouns, like Russian ones, change according to person, gender and number. In addition, they must be consistent with the part of speech that they replace. For example, agreement based on gender: girl (girl) - she (she). In the same way, agreement is carried out in numbers: boys (boys) - they (they).

Now let's take a closer look at what each variety is and how this functional part of speech manages to simplify English.

Personal Pronouns

They get their name because they replace nouns - animate and inanimate. There are seven of them in total.

• I - I;
• you - you (you);
• he - he;
• she - she;
• it - it;
• we - we;
• they - they.

Please note the following features:

1. You is used in both singular and plural. It is translated accordingly: “you”, “You” (addressing one person) or “you” (addressing a group of people).

2. It means not only inanimate objects, but also animals.

The above personal pronouns are given in the nominative case. But what if you need to say: “to you”, “me”, “about us”, etc.? What is conveyed in Russian by other cases (dative, genitive, prepositional, etc.), in English is called in one word - the subject case. Such pronouns replace words that are not the subject of a sentence. The correspondence table is presented below.

Who? What?	Whom? What? To whom? Why? By whom? How? About whom? About what?
	me - me, me, me, etc.
	you - you (you), by you (you), etc.
	him - to him, him, etc.
	her - to her, her, etc.
	it - to him, his, etc.
	us - us, us, etc.
	them - theirs, them, etc.

Start practicing using the subject case once you thoroughly understand and learn the nominative forms. Otherwise, you simply risk getting confused. In general, remembering pronouns is quite simple, and the more often you practice foreign language, the more confident you will become in speaking.

Possessive Pronouns

This group is the second most frequently used. But don't be afraid when you see new English pronouns. The table below shows the correspondence between personal and possessive types.

Personal pronoun	Possessive pronoun
you - you (you)	your - yours (yours)

As you can see, almost all pronouns have the same base, and the differences are most often only in one letter.

It is recommended to learn and practice in exercises first personal pronouns, then possessive ones, and then practice in mixed tests, where you need to choose the option that is appropriate in meaning and grammar: you or your, etc. This way you will firmly understand everything and will never confuse these two superficially similar groups.

Demonstrative Pronouns

We continue to study pronouns in English and now move on to the variety that helps to navigate in space, to show a certain object, direction and place. They do not change according to persons and genders, but they have singular and forms. Further in the table you will see English demonstrative pronouns with translation.

For example, if there is a picture hanging on the wall in the distance, then they say about it: That is a picture. And if there are pencils nearby on the table, it can be indicated as follows: These are pencils.

This group of auxiliary parts of speech has another function. They can replace individual words or even entire expressions. This is done to avoid repetitions. For example: Air quality in the village is better than that in the city- The air quality in the countryside is better than (air quality) in the city.

Relative Pronouns

This variety can often be found in complex sentences to connect the main and subordinate parts. Such an English pronoun with translation and understanding of foreign speech can create difficulties. Therefore, you need to understand this issue well. The following relative pronouns exist:

• that - that, which (used to denote both animate and inanimate objects);
• which - which (only to designate objects or phenomena);
• who - who, which (indicates only people);
• whom - to whom, who, whom (not found in colloquial language, used only in official speech as a speech cliche).

Interrogative Pronouns

As you might guess, this type is used in interrogative sentences. If you are already familiar with the topic “Special Questions,” then you know these English pronouns well. All of them are notable for the fact that they begin with the letter wh:

• what? - What? Which? which?
• which? - Which? which (of the two)?
• who? - Who?
• whom? - to whom? whom?
• whose? - whose?

Sometimes the suffix -ever can be added to them, and then the combinations whatever (any, whatever), whoever (any, anyone), etc. are obtained.

Pay special attention to the following features.

Who is singular and assumes the verb form is as well as the ending -s in the present simple tense.

Who is there? Who likes this film?

The exception is when a plural personal pronoun is used (you, we, they), if the answer involves naming several people, objects, phenomena, etc.

Who of you live in this house? - We do. (Which of you lives in this house? - We.)

(Indefinite Pronouns)

Situations often arise when information is not entirely clear, or the speaker is not sure of its veracity. For such cases, there is a special group of function words. Next you can see all the indefinite English pronouns with translation.

Animate objects	Inanimate objects
anybody, anyone - anyone, anyone	anything - anything, anything
everybody, everyone - everyone, everyone	everything - everything
no one, nobody - no one	nothing - nothing, nothing
someone - someone	something - something
other - different either - any (when choosing from two) neither - not one (when choosing from two) each - each

Please note that all pronouns listed in the table refer to the singular (even if translated into Russian they mean many objects or people).

The plural of indefinite pronouns is represented by the following words:

• any - any;
• both - both;
• several - several;
• others - others, the rest;
• many - few;
• few - few.

Reflexive Pronouns

Used to denote actions that are performed on oneself. These English pronouns are related to the varieties you already know - personal and possessive. Only in in this case the particle -self (singular) or -selves (plural) is added.

• (I) I - myself;
• (you) you - yourself;
• (he) he - himself;
• (she) she - herself;
• (it) it - itself (about animals and inanimate objects);
• (we) we - ourselves;
• (you) you - yourselves;
• (they) they - themselves.

How to translate This is most clear with examples.

Sometimes it can be translated as “yourself”, “yourself”, etc.

“Why?”, she asked herself - “Why?” - she asked herself.

We arranged a great holiday for ourselves - We arranged a great vacation for ourselves.

In some cases, it is possible to translate such pronouns with reflexive particles -sya and -sya.

A cat washed itself - The cat washed itself.

Where are you hiding yourself? -Where are you hiding?

In cases where the fact that the action was performed by someone independently is emphasized, reflexive pronouns can be translated with the words “himself”, “herself”, etc.

He has built this house himself - He built this house himself.

Reciprocal Pronouns

This variety includes only two representatives: each other and one another. They are synonyms.

Such pronouns are used in cases where two objects perform the same action directed at each other.

We love each other - We love each other.

They hugged and kissed one another - They hugged and kissed.

On Christmas day the friends gave each other presents - On Christmas, friends gave each other gifts.

In cases where it is necessary to designate a group of people performing the same action in relation to each other, it is necessary to use the form one another. For example:

We are a united family and always help one another. - We are a friendly family and always help each other.

People of different generations have difficulties in understanding one another - People of different generations have difficulty understanding each other.

This is what the pronoun system looks like in English. There is nothing complicated in it, since some groups of function words are formed from others: reflexive and possessive - from personal, reciprocal - from indefinite, etc.

Once you have studied and understood the theory, start practicing different types of exercises. The more often you do this, the sooner you will achieve a noticeable result: you will begin to use English pronouns in your speech without hesitation.