Active present participles

Goals:

introduce students to ways of forming active present participles;

learn to find the studied spelling.

Progress of the lesson.

Organizational moment.

Parsing offers.

The pier was crowded with passengers waiting to board the boat.

Underline the grammatical basis of the sentence.

Find participle phrase, indicate the noun being defined.

Write out the participle. Indicate the type, tense, gender, number, and case of the participle.

What verb is this participle formed from?

State the topic and purpose of the lesson.

There is a table “Verb Conjugation” hanging on the board.

How to determine verb conjugation?

Name the exception verbs.

View the tableand answer questions (p.42)

Draw a conclusion : from what and with what help are they formed active participles present time.

Consolidation of the topic “Real participles of the present tense”.

1) Write down the verbs in the 3rd person plural. in two columns (1 conjugation and 2 conjugation), leaving a blank line each time:

Think, glue, shave, drive, heal, cherish, sow, love, build, repent.

Form active present participles from these verbs and write them in the empty lines.

They think they're sticking

Thinking adhesive

They shave and drive

shaving chaser

Cherish and treat

nurturing healing

They love to sow

sowing loving

They repent and build

repentant builder

Conclusion: The vowels in the suffixes of active present participles correspond to the vowels of the verb (3rd person plural) from which they are derived.

If the real participle is formed from a verb of the 2nd conjugation, we write in the suffix –УШ-, -УШЧ-, if from a verb of the 2nd conjugation - -АШ-, -ЯШ-.

2) Completing exercise 90 (commented letter).

Comment: the participle is not formed from the verb build (since it is a perfective verb)

Test task.

1. In which row is the letter I missing in both cases?

1) foaming streams, swaying grass

2) the nails are holding on, the birds are chirping...t

3) a house under construction, looking into the distance

2. In what row is the letter U written in all words?

1) attending physician who knows the rules

2) melting ice cream, wrestling athletes

3) a dog moaning in his sleep, depending on the weather

3. In which row is the letter U missing in both cases?

1) soothing music, it won’t leave you alone

2) hunters shot a song praising courage

3) approaching twilight, creeping plant.

Summing up the lesson.

What new did you learn in the lesson?

From the stems of which verbs are active present participles formed?

What suffixes are used to form active present participles?

7. Homework : learn the rule (p. 43), exercises 93, 94.

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Slide captions:

Active participles of the present tense Russian language teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 86 Obukhova Nailya Nurimanovna

Objectives: to introduce students to ways of forming active present participles; learn to find the studied spelling.

The pier was crowded with passengers waiting to board the boat. Parsing the sentence - Emphasize the grammatical basis of the sentence. - Find the participial phrase, indicate the noun being defined. - Write out the participle. Indicate the type, tense, gender, number, and case of the participle. - What verb is this participle formed from?

To find out the conjugation of a verb with an unstressed ending, you need to put the verb in the undefined form. form and see where the verb ends. E and I in the endings of verbs I and II conjugation 1 conjugation 2 conjugation unit. h.pl. Part 1 face -yu, -u - and m 2 face - and sh - and those 3rd person - and t - a t, - i t unit. h.pl. h 1 face -yu, -u - e m 2nd person - eat - e te 3rd person - e t - y t, y t

Hear See Hate Drive Hold (and) Do not offend (and) Look Breathe Twirl (and) Depend (and) endure Determine the conjugation of the verb Na -ut, - ot, -yt, -at -t, -ti, -ch 1 conjugation + shave, lay all verbs ending in –it belong to the 2nd conjugation, except +7 in –et +4 in –at

Verbs Suffixes of active present participles Active present participles Imperfect view Transitive and intransitive references. Carrying Working Smiling 1 -sh- (-yush-) Carrying Working Working Smiling Breathing Painting 2 -ash- (-box-) Breathing Colorful

Draw a conclusion: from what and with the help of what are active present participles formed. Task Write verbs in the 3rd person plural. in two columns (1 conjugation and 2 conjugation), leaving each time a blank line: Think, glue, shave, drive, heal, cherish, sow, love, build, repent. Form active present participles from these verbs and write them in the empty lines.

THINKING THINKING SHAVING SHAVING CULTURING CULTIVATING SOWING SOWING REPENTING PENITENT Gluing Gluing Adhesive PURSUITING PURSUITING TREATING HEALING LOVING LOVING BUILDING BUILDING

Conclusion: the vowels in the suffixes of the active participles of the present tense correspond to the vowels of the verb (in the 3rd person plural) from which they are formed. If the real participle is formed from a verb of the 1st conjugation, we write in the suffix - УШ-, -УШ- , if from a verb of the 2nd conjugation - - АШ-, -ЯШ- .

5. Test task. In which row is the letter I missing in both cases? foaming streams, grasses swaying 2) nails holding on, birds chirping 3) a house under construction, looking into the distance 3

2. In what row is the letter U written in all words? an attending physician who knows the rules 2) melting ice cream, wrestling athletes 3) a dog moaning in his sleep, depending on the weather 2

3. In which row is the letter Y missing in both cases? soothing music, they won’t leave you alone 2) hunters shot, praising courage Song 3) approaching twilight, creeping plant. 3

6. Summing up the lesson. What new did you learn in the lesson? From the stems of which verbs are active present participles formed? What suffixes are used to form active present participles? 7. Homework: learn the rule (p. 43), exercises 93, 94

Sources: 1. N.V. Egorova Lesson developments in the Russian language. 7th grade.-M.: Vako, 2006

If you don’t know what a participle is, then first of all we advise you to read the article “” on this site.

Active participles

Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by an object/object. Example: Girl jumping rope. The action is performed by the object “girl” - she is jumping rope.

Active participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:

• A person writing news. Writer – active present participle. A man writes news in at the moment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -ush-, -yush- (for the first conjugation of verbs) and -ash-, -yash- (for the second conjugation of verbs).
• The man who gave the compliment. Made – active past participle. The man has already made a compliment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the past tense using the suffixes -вш-, -ш-.

Passive participles

Passive participle is a participle that denotes a sign produced over one object or object by the actions of another. Example: A ship built by the villagers. The villagers performed an action on the ship - they built it.

Passive participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:

• A chair being broken by a student. Breakable – present passive participle. The student performs an action on the chair - breaks it. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -om-, -em- (for verbs of the first conjugation) and -im- (for verbs of the second conjugation).
• A dog beaten by its owner. Beaten - passive past participle. The owner performed an action on the dog - he beat it. Such participles are formed from verbs in the past using the suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-, -ot-.

Participle is the ability to convey both an action and its sign at the same time. It is often used to “lighten” a sentence and translate from complex design into a more condensed version. For example:

A fairy tale is a literary source that helps a child develop imagination.

A fairy tale is a literary source that helps a child develop imagination.

From verbs, both passive participles of the present and past tenses, as well as active ones, are formed.

Definition of participle

In Russian, a participle is a special denoting attribute of an object by action. Participles have two morphological properties at once:

1. They have features characteristic of verbs.
2. They have the characteristics of adjectives.

Like verbs, participles have:

• type - perfect (they answer the question “what did” - a boy who read a book) and imperfect (“what is he doing”, “did” - a boy reading a book);
• recurrence (end with the suffix - sya, - sya, for example, perfumed) and irrevocability (playing);
• forms of the past (got a job - got a job) and present tense (plays - playing);
• can come from transitive and intransitive verbs and can be active or passive.

Like adjectives, participles have:

• two - nn - in passive participles it is used when the verb ends in -at, -yat, -et: read - read, do - done;
• the suffix -enn is placed at the base of verbs ending in -i or -it: bring - brought, commit - perfect;
• the suffix - t is placed when forming from verbs ending in -nut, -ot, -eret, for example, close - closed, grind - ground, lock - locked.

The suffix - t is also used when creating passive participles from monosyllabic verbs, for example, wash - washed, beat - beaten and others.

Some verbs, for example, take, seek, love, do not create passive participles, but from verbs ending in -sti, -st, in the past tense they are formed either from the present or from the future tense:

• bring home - brought home;
• gain faith - gained faith;
• steal a watch - stolen watch.

In these examples, the verbs are in the future tense, and the participles are in the past.

Participle forms

Passive participles come in 2 forms in the past and present tenses - full and short. Moreover, in the short form they are declined by numbers, and in the singular form by gender, as can be seen from the sentence below:

• present passive participles: city burned to the ground (masculine gender, singular) - the city was burned to the ground; cities burned to the ground (plural) - cities burned to the ground;
• short forms in the past tense: a book read quickly - the book was read quickly;

Full forms have suffixes with two -n: -nn, -enn, while one - n - in short passive participles. For example, an improved option - the option is improved, hidden thoughts - thoughts are hidden. Not all participles of this type have a short form, for example, led, read, spoken and others.

As parts of a sentence, short as well as full passive participles can be modifiers, but most often they are predicates:

Short participles use an auxiliary verb or can be independent, for example: the store is open - the store was open.

Declension of participles

Since passive participles have properties similar to adjectives, they can be inflected according to cases (singular), number and gender. Full passive participles are declined, like similar forms of adjectives, that is, according to cases, gender and number. Short participles can only be declined by number and gender.

• And - interviewed (person), interviewed (woman), interviewed (population), interviewed (children);
• P - interviewed (person), interviewed (women), interviewed (population), interviewed (children);
• D - interviewed (person), interviewed (woman), interviewed (population), interviewed (children);
• B - interviewed (person), interviewed (women), interviewed (population), interviewed (children);
• T - interviewed (person), interviewed (woman), interviewed (population), interviewed (children);
• P - (about) the interviewed (person), the interviewed (woman), the interviewed (population), the interviewed (children).

In short form, gender and number can be distinguished by the noun or pronoun related to the participle: a man is interviewed, a woman is interviewed, the population is interviewed, children are interviewed.

Conversion of passive participles into adjectives

In sentences, present passive participles (examples below) can often play the role of adjectives, while they lose such a category as tense and acquire the meaning of a constant attribute of an object. For example, a loaded boat, a baked pie.

It is unusual for these forms to have explanatory words, and the passive participles themselves are written with one - n. If there are additional words, then two - nn are put in the suffix, for example:

• a wounded animal is an animal wounded by a knife;
• loaded boat - a boat loaded with fish;
• baked pie - a pie baked in the oven.

Passive participles with a prefix always have two - n in the suffix. For example, defrosted, enhanced, chosen, red-hot and others.

In the suffix -ovannyy two - n are always written, even when the participle turns into an adjective - an organized picnic, a qualified specialist.

The particle "not" in passive participles

For participles that have an explanatory noun or pronoun, the particle “not” is always written separately. For example:

• an uncleared path led to the garage - a path not cleared of snow led to the garage;
• unfinished tea remained on the table - mother’s unfinished tea remained on the table.

With short passive participles, the particle “not” is written separately: the matter is not finished, the task is not solved, the path is not completed.

Punctuation marks when writing participles

Participles that have dependent words form phrases that are separated by commas in sentences. The word that modifies the participle is called the modifier. If the participle comes before this word, then a comma is not placed: the paved path led to the park. The exception is the turn referring to the pronoun: awakened by the voices, she quickly got up.

The participle after the word being defined is separated by a comma: a car passed by, splashed with mud. If a participle with dependent words is in the middle of a sentence, then it is distinguished by punctuation marks on both sides: a car, splashed with mud, drove by.

A participle is a special form of a verb with the following characteristics:

1. Indicates the attribute of an object by action and answers the questions: what is he doing, what did he do?, what did he do?.

2. Has morphological characteristics verb and adjective.

The features of a verb include

View (NE and NSV),

Transitivity (the sign is relevant for active participles),

Returnability,

Time (present and past).

Voice (active and passive).

In school grammar, voice is considered as a feature that is not characteristic of all verb forms, but only participles, while in scientific grammar the sign of voice is seen in a verb in any form (cf.: Workers are building a house - The house is being built by workers) - see reflexivity of the verb .

The characteristics of an adjective include

Case (for full participles),

Completeness/brevity (passive participles only).

3. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in a sentence they are the same members as adjectives, that is, a definition and nominal part compound nominal predicate (short participles - only part of the predicate).

Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and verb type

A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and aspect.

Transitive verbs can have active and passive participle forms, intransitive verbs only have active participle forms.

SV verbs have only past participles (that is, SV verbs cannot have any present tense forms - neither in indicative mood, nor in participial forms), NSV verbs can have both present and past participles. Thus,

NSV transitive verbs have all 4 participles (reader, read, read, read),

intransitive verbs of the NSV have 2 participles - active present and past tense (sleeping, asleep),

Transitive verbs of the SV also have 2 participles - active and passive past tense (read, read).

intransitive SV verbs have only 1 participial form- active past participle (overslept).

Active participles

Active participles denote the attribute of an object that itself produces an action: a boy reading a book.

Active present participles are formed from transitive and non-transitive transitive verbs NSV from the present tense using suffixes

Usch-(-yush-) for verbs of the first conjugation: running-ush-y, running-yush-y,

Ash-(-box-) for verbs of the second conjugation: lying-ash-y, hundred-box-y.

Active past participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the past tense stem using suffixes

Vsh- for verbs with a stem ending in a vowel: chita-vsh-iy,

Sh- for verbs with a consonant as a base: carried-sh-iy.

Verbs can form active past participles from another stem:

Some verbs in -sti (to lead, to gain) form the participles in question from the stem of the present/simple future tense (and not from the stem of the past tense): acquired (the basis of the future tense will gain-ut, the basis of the past - has found), led;

The verbs go and fade form these participles from a special base, not equal to any others: shed-sh-ii, fade-sh-ii.

Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the past tense stem dried up and the other from the infinitive stem dried up, and the choice of suffix is ​​carried out in accordance with the given rule.

Passive participles

Passive participles denote the attribute of the object to which the action is directed: a book being read by a boy.

Present passive participles are formed from transitive verbs NSV, from the present tense stem using a suffix

I eat- (sometimes -om) for verbs of the first conjugation: read-em-y, ved-om-y,

Im- for verbs of II conjugation: stored-im-y.

Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs: guided and managed are formed from the intransitive verbs lead and manage (the meaning of the object with these verbs is expressed by a noun in the form not of V. p., but of T. p.: to lead, to manage a plant).

The verbs to beat, write, sew, revenge and others do not have passive present participles.

The present passive participle of the verb to give is formed from a special stem (davaj-em-y).

The verb move has two passive participles in the present tense: moved and moved.

Passive past participles are formed from the transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from verbs NSV are few) from the past tense stem using suffixes

N(n) - from verbs ending in -at, -yat and -et: read-nn-y,

En(n) - from stems to consonant and -it: taken away, built,

T- from the bases on -nut, -ot, -eret and from monosyllabic verbs and derivatives from them: closed-t-y, kol-t-y, locked-t-y, bi-t-y, split-t- y.

Passive past participles are not formed for the verbs to love, seek, take.

For some verbs starting with -sti, -st, the passive past participles are formed from the base of the present/future tense: brought, acquired, spun, stolen.

Passive present and past participles can also be formed by adding the postfix -xia to the form active voice: well-selling (= selling) / selling books.

Passive participles have full and short form: a letter written by me - a letter written by me. Short participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, i.e. they do not change by case and appear in a sentence mainly as a function of the nominal part of the predicate.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both participle forms and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn with the suffix -yash- the participle burning is formed, and with the suffix -yuch- the adjective combustible is formed. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -im-), it is more difficult to distinguish them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.

1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote constant sign subject (for example, “arising as a result of an action”, “capable of participating in the action”), cf.:

She was brought up in strict rules (=She was brought up in strict rules) - participle;

She was well-mannered, educated (= She was well-mannered, educated).

2. The word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is verbal adjective, if it is formed from the verb NSV and has no dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:

unmown meadows (adjective),

meadows not mowed with a scythe (participle, because there is a dependent word),

mown meadows (participle, because SV).

3. Since only transitive verbs of the NSV can have passive participles of the present tense, words with the suffixes -im-, -em- are adjectives if they are formed from a SV verb or an intransitive verb:

waterproof boots (adjective, since the verb to get wet in the meaning of “let water through” is intransitive),

invincible army (adjective, because verb to defeat SV).

In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren study the topic “Suffixes of real and passive participles.” Let’s take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.

Communion

What is this interesting phenomenon? To this day, disputes between linguists have not subsided. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If you look at the history of its origin, you can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it looks more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), and their syntactic role is the same (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a common decision.

Various educational and methodological complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation differently. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya classifies the participle as a verbal form, and V. V. Babaytseva - as an independent part of speech. But both textbooks say that it is still not clear to which category it should be classified.

Valid

Before considering the suffixes of active and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups according to meaning. The first is called real. They received this name due to their purpose: to name the signs of objects that themselves perform an action.

Consider an example: “The wind blowing from the sea was furious.”

As we can see, the wind blew independently from the sea, without resorting to anyone’s help and without being subject to any influence. It is these forms that are called real.

Another example: “The dog guarding the house was a large breed.”

The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle “guarded” belongs to the category of active ones.

Passive

The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform the action, but are subject to it.

Let's look at an example: “The parents, called to school by the teacher, were worried.”

In this sentence we see the participle “called out.” It was formed from the verb “to call.” Let’s make sure that the parents did not decide to come to school on their own, but at the request of the teacher. We see that it is not they themselves who perform the action, it is performed on them. That is why such participles are classified as passive. That is, parents seem to “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.

Suffixes of active and passive present participles

Now that we have understood the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to main topic. Each of the categories will have its own word formation characteristics.

The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense the following are distinguished: -ushch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, all of them are valid. For the passive they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: attracted, persecuted, condemned.

In the active present participle, all suffixes have special spelling features.

If you don't know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or fighting? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - to fight. Let's determine its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -ush or -yush. If to the second - then -ashch or -yashch. Thus, we found out that in the word “struggling” it is necessary to write -yush. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.

The table helps you remember the suffixes of active and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if a rule suddenly slips out of your head.

Suffixes of active and passive past participles

Now, having examined the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can move on to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this feature from the verb.

In the past tense, the suffixes -вш and -ш are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.

The passives have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, pinned.

And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of active and passive participles.

With the first category everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Let's consider the word “offended.” It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But that's not true. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.

IN in this example the stem of the verb “to offend” ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.

Let's take another example: "dressed up." And again, remember the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ti or -ch, then in this case we will only use the suffix -enn.

We will do the same in the words “baked” (bake), “brought” (bring), “asked” (ask).

Quests

Russian language lessons special attention The teacher pays attention to how and when suffixes of active and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you understand it more fully.

First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the children to determine their conjugation. Then you should give the task to form participles of different grades and tenses from them.

For example:

• prick (1 sp.) - stabbing (actual, present tense), stabbing (actual, past tense);
• speak (2 sp.) - speaker (actual, present tense), speaker (actual, past tense);
• shave (1 sp., ex.) - shaving (actual, present time), shaved (actual, past tense), shaved (suffering, past tense);
• offend (2 sp., ex.) - offended (sufferer, present tense), offended (sufferer, past tense).