The valley of the Hunza River (border of India and Pakistan) is called the "oasis of youth". The life expectancy of the inhabitants of this valley is 110-120 years. They almost never get sick, look young.

This means that there is a certain way of life approaching the ideal, when people feel healthy, happy, do not age, as in other countries, by the age of 40-50. It is curious that the inhabitants of the Hunza Valley, unlike neighboring peoples, outwardly are very similar to Europeans (as are the Kalash, who live very close by).

According to legend, the dwarf mountain state located here was founded by a group of soldiers from the army of Alexander the Great during his Indian campaign. Naturally, they established strict military discipline here - such that the inhabitants with swords and shields had to sleep, eat, and even dance ...

At the same time, the hunzakuts treat with slight irony the fact that someone else in the world is called mountaineers. Well, in fact, is it not obvious that only those who live near the famous "mountain meeting place" - the point where the three highest systems of the world converge: the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush and the Karakoram - should rightfully bear this name. Of the 14 eight-thousander peaks of the Earth, five are nearby, including the second after Everest K2 (8,611 meters), the climb to which in the climbing community is valued even more than the conquest of Chomolungma. And what about the no less famous local "killer peak" Nanga Parbat (8126 meters), which buried a record number of climbers? And what about dozens of seven- and six-thousanders, literally "crowding" around Hunza?

Passing through these rock masses will not be possible if you are not a world-class athlete. You can only "leak" through narrow passes, gorges, paths. From ancient times, these rare arteries were controlled by the principalities, which imposed a significant duty on all passing caravans. Hunza was considered one of the most influential among them.

In distant Russia, little is known about this “lost world”, and for reasons not only geographical, but also political: Hunza, along with some other valleys of the Himalayas, turned out to be on the territory over which India and Pakistan have been fiercely arguing for almost 60 years (its main the subject remains the much larger Kashmir).

The USSR - out of harm's way - has always tried to distance itself from the conflict. For example, in most Soviet dictionaries and encyclopedias, the same K2 (another name is Chogori) is mentioned, but without indicating the area in which it is located. The local, quite traditional names were erased from the Soviet maps, and, accordingly, from the Soviet news lexicon.

But what is surprising is that in Hunza everyone knows about Russia.

TWO CAPTAINS

The "Castle" is respectfully called by many locals the Baltite Fort, hanging from a cliff above Karimabad. He is already about 700 years old, and at one time he served as a local independent ruler and the palace of the world, and a fortress. Not devoid of impressiveness from the outside, from the inside Baltit seems gloomy and damp. Semi-dark rooms and poor furnishings - ordinary pots, spoons, a giant stove ...

In one of the rooms in the floor there is a hatch - under it the world (prince) of Hunza kept his personal captives. There are few bright and large rooms, perhaps, only the “balcony hall” makes a pleasant impression - a majestic view of the valley opens from here. On one of the walls of this hall there is a collection of ancient musical instruments, on the other - weapons: sabers, swords. And a saber donated by the Russians.

Two portraits hang in one of the rooms: the British captain Younghusband and the Russian captain Grombchevsky, who decided the fate of the principality. In 1888, at the junction of the Karakorum and the Himalayas, a Russian village almost appeared: when the Russian officer Bronislav Grombchevsky arrived on a mission to the then world of Hunza Safdar Ali. Then, on the border of Hindustan and Central Asia, there was a Great Game, an active confrontation between the two superpowers of the 19th century - Russia and Great Britain. Not only a military man, but also a scientist, and later even an honorary member of the Imperial Geographical Society, this man was not going to conquer land for his king. Yes, and there were only six Cossacks with him then. But still, it was about the speedy establishment of a trading post and a political union. Russia, which by that time had influence throughout the Pamirs, now turned its gaze to Indian goods. So the captain entered the Game.

Safdar received him very warmly and willingly entered into the proposed agreement - he was afraid of the British pushing from the south.

And, as it turned out, not without reason. Grombchevsky's mission seriously alarmed Calcutta, where at that time the court of the Viceroy of British India was located. And although the special commissioners and spies reassured the authorities: it is hardly worth fearing the appearance of Russian troops on the "top of India" - too difficult passes lead to Hunza from the north, moreover, they are covered with snow for most of the year - it was decided to urgently send a detachment under the command of Francis Younghusband.

Both captains were colleagues - "geographers in uniform", they met more than once in the Pamir expeditions. Now they had to determine the future of the ownerless "Hunzaku bandits", as they were called in Calcutta.

In the meantime, Russian goods and weapons were slowly appearing in Hunza, and even a ceremonial portrait of Alexander III appeared in the Baltit Palace. The distant mountain government began diplomatic correspondence with St. Petersburg and offered to host a Cossack garrison. And in 1891, a message came from Hunza: Mir Safdar Ali officially asks to be accepted into Russian citizenship with all the people. This news soon reached Calcutta, as a result, on December 1, 1891, the mountain shooters of Younghusband captured the principality, Safdar Ali fled to Xinjiang. “The door to India is closed for the king,” the British occupier wrote to the Viceroy.

So, Hunza considered itself Russian territory for only four days. The ruler of the Hunzakuts wished to see himself as Russian, but he did not manage to receive an official answer. And the British entrenched themselves and stayed here until 1947, when, during the collapse of the newly independent British India, the principality suddenly found itself in the territory controlled by Muslims.

Today, Hunza is administered by the Pakistani Ministry of Kashmir and Northern Territories, but the fond memory of the failed outcome of the Great Game remains.

Moreover, locals ask Russian tourists why there are so few tourists from Russia. At the same time, the British, although they left almost 60 years ago, their hippies still flood the territories.

APRICOT HIPPIES

It is believed that Hunza was rediscovered for the West by the hippies who wandered around Asia in the 1970s in search of truth and exoticism. Moreover, they popularized this place so much that Americans today call even ordinary apricots Hunza Apricot. However, not only these two categories, but also Indian hemp attracted the “children of flowers” ​​here.

One of the main attractions of Hunza is a glacier that descends into the valley like a wide cold river. However, potatoes, vegetables and hemp are grown in numerous terraced fields, which are not so much smoked here, as they are added as a seasoning to meat dishes and soups.

As for the young long-haired guys with the inscription Hippie way on their T-shirts - either real hippies, or retro lovers - they are in Karimabad and mostly gobble up apricots. This is undoubtedly the main value of Khunzakut gardens. All of Pakistan knows that only here "Khan's fruits" grow, which ooze fragrant juice even on trees.

Hunza is attractive not only for radical youth - lovers of mountain travels, and fans of history, and just lovers of climbing away from their homeland come here. Complete the picture, of course, numerous climbers...

Since the valley is located halfway from the Khundzherab pass to the beginning of the Hindustan plains, the Khunzakuts are sure that they control the path to the "upper world" in general. In the mountains, as such. It is difficult to say whether the soldiers of Alexander the Great really once founded this principality, or whether they were Bactrians - the Aryan descendants of the once united great Russian people, but there is certainly some mystery in the appearance of this small and distinctive people in their environment.

He speaks his own language, Burushaski (Burushaski, whose kinship has not yet been established with any of the languages ​​of the world, although everyone here knows Urdu, and many know English), professes, of course, like most Pakistanis, Islam, but a special persuasion, namely the Ismaili, one of the most mystical and mysterious in religion, which is practiced by up to 95% of the population. Therefore, in Hunza you will not hear the usual calls to prayer rushing from the speakers of the minarets. Everything is quiet, prayer is a personal matter and time for everyone.

HEALTH

The Hunza bathe in icy water even at 15 degrees below zero, play outdoor games for up to a hundred years, 40-year-old women look like girls, at 60 they retain their slim and graceful figure, and at 65 they still give birth to children. In summer they eat raw fruits and vegetables, in winter - sun-dried apricots and sprouted grains, sheep cheese.

The Hunza River was a natural barrier for the two medieval principalities of Hunza and Nagar. Since the 17th century, these principalities have been constantly at war, stealing women and children from each other and selling them into slavery. Both of them lived in fortified villages. One more thing is interesting: the inhabitants have a period when the fruits have not yet ripened - it is called "hungry spring" and lasts from two to four months. During these months, they eat almost nothing and only drink a drink of dried apricots once a day. Such a post is elevated to a cult and is strictly observed.

The Scottish physician McCarrison, who first described the Happy Valley, emphasized that protein intake there is at the lowest level of the norm, if at all it can be called the norm. The daily calorie content of hunza averages 1933 kcal and includes 50 g of protein, 36 g of fat and 365 carbohydrates.

The Scot lived in the vicinity of the Hunza Valley for 14 years. He came to the conclusion that it was the diet that was the main factor in the longevity of this people. If a person eats improperly, then the mountain climate will not save him from diseases. Therefore, it is not surprising that the neighbors of the Hunza, living in the same climatic conditions, suffer from a wide variety of diseases. Their life span is twice as short.

Mac Carrison, returning to England, set up interesting experiments on a large number of animals. Some of them ate the usual food of a London working family (white bread, herring, refined sugar, canned and boiled vegetables). As a result, a wide variety of “human diseases” began to appear in this group. Other animals were on the hunza diet and remained absolutely healthy throughout the experiment.

In the book "Hunza - a people who do not know diseases" R. Bircher emphasizes the following very significant advantages of the nutrition model in this country:

First of all, it is vegetarian;
- a large number of raw foods;
- vegetables and fruits predominate in the daily diet;
- natural products, without any chemicalization and prepared with the preservation of all biologically valuable substances;
- alcohol and treats are consumed extremely rarely;
- very moderate salt intake; products grown only on their own domestic soil;
- regular periods of fasting.

There are other factors that contribute to healthy longevity. But the method of nourishment is undoubtedly very essential and decisive here.

In 1963, a French medical expedition visited Hunza. As a result of her census, it was found that the average life expectancy of the Hunzakuts is 120 years, which is twice the figure for Europeans. In August 1977, in Paris, an international cancer congress made a statement: “In accordance with the data of geocarcinology (the science of studying cancer in different regions of the world), the complete absence of cancer occurs only among the Hunza people.”

In April 1984, one of the Hong Kong newspapers reported the following amazing case. One of the hunzakuts, whose name was Said Abdul Mobut, who arrived at London's Heathrow Airport, puzzled immigration officials when he showed his passport. According to the document, Khunzakut was born in 1823 and he turned 160 years old. The mullah accompanying Mobud noted that his ward is considered a saint in the country of Hunza, famous for its centenarians. Mobud has excellent health and sound mind. He perfectly remembers the events since 1850.

The locals simply say about their secret of longevity: be a vegetarian, always work physically, constantly move and do not change the rhythm of life, then you will live up to 120-150 years. Distinctive features of the Hunz as a people with "full health":

1) High working capacity in the broad sense of the word. Among the Hunza, this ability to work is manifested both during work and during dances and games. For them, walking 100-200 kilometers is the same as taking a short walk near the house for us. They climb steep mountains with unusual ease to convey some news, and return home fresh and cheerful.

2) Cheerfulness. The Hunza are constantly laughing, they are always in a good mood, even if they are hungry and suffer from cold.

3) Exceptional durability.“The Hunza have nerves as strong as ropes, and as thin and delicate as a string,” McCarison wrote. “They never get angry or complain, they don’t get nervous or show impatience, they don’t quarrel among themselves and endure physical pain, trouble, noise, etc. with complete peace of mind.”

A study by scientists during the Global Burden of Disease project shows that different countries have very different levels of cancer.

Thus, in Australia there are 743.8 cases of the disease per 100 thousand people, in New Zealand - 542.8, in the United States - 532.9. Four other Southeast Asian countries are in the bottom of the top ten out of 195 countries - Bhutan at 86, Nepal at 90.7 and Sri Lanka at 101.6.

Syria tops the list for the lowest incidence and lowest death rates, while Sri Lanka is the only country in Southeast Asia to feature on both lists.

However, data from the National Cancer Registry shows that India had just 39 cases of cancer in 2016. The country is in the top ten countries with the lowest incidence of cancer. These figures are from an analysis by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington.

Meanwhile, in 2016, there were 17.2 million cases and 8.9 million deaths worldwide. From 2006 to 2016, the number of cases increased by 28%.

The study also showed that over the past decade, lifestyle-related cancers - lung, skin, colorectal - have increased globally.

Important prevention measures - tobacco control, malnutrition and broader health promotion campaigns need to be scaled up in response to the rise in lifestyle-related cancers, says Dr. Washington Christina Fitzmaurice.

Comments:

Despite the fact that cancer is a disease that has been studied for a long time and carefully, it still holds many mysteries. Why, having the same living conditions, some people get cancer, while others do not? Why, if cancer is not contagious, one of the most likely causative agents of it are viruses? Why do some types of cancer affect adults more often than others? Why does the immune system, designed to rid the body of "broken" cells, sometimes miss atypical cells that give tumor growth? Why do some areas get more cancer than others? The epidemiology of cancer is one of the most interesting and important areas of study, because by finding out why people in some countries are more susceptible to cancer than in neighboring countries, why some are more vulnerable than others, it may be possible to discover more effective means of preventing this dangerous disease.

Why do different parts of the world have different rates of cancer?

Oncologists associate the incidence of cancer in different countries with the influence of many factors: cultural, climatic, food traditions, soil and water composition, and so on. It is often possible to identify patterns that explain why certain types of cancer are more common in a given location than others. For example, it is known that stomach cancer occurs in Japan, Korea, Iceland, Great Britain and Russia more often than in other countries, which is directly related to the food traditions of these countries, which is replete with carcinogens. Colorectal cancer often affects residents of the United States, which is also associated with malnutrition, the predominance of fatty and refined foods in the diet. In countries where there are many smokers, the percentage of cases of lung cancer is high, examples of which are Russia and the UK.

However, such patterns are not always found. For example, the highest rate of cancer incidence and mortality is observed in Hungary. Every year, 313 out of every 100,000 people die of cancer here. At the same time, Macedonia, a country that has much in common with Hungary and is located relatively close, on the contrary, has one of the lowest deaths from cancer in the world - only 6 people per 100,000. in the incidence of more than 50 times, it is very difficult to explain the differences in nutrition, cultural practices and location of these countries.

One more example. Chinese and Japanese men are the least prone to prostate cancer, which was previously associated with their traditional lifestyle. However, when they move to other countries, the statistics change dramatically, and they suffer from this type of cancer to the same extent as local men. Presumably, nutrition plays a leading role in this mechanism, since it is known that the formation of prostate cancer is directly influenced by a diet high in animal fats. However, it is rather difficult to imagine that Japanese and Chinese men change their eating habits so dramatically when moving to another country, especially given today's realities, namely the availability of a variety of food choices in different parts of the world.

Incidence of various types of cancer in different countries

The most common type of cancer in women is breast cancer. Most of all, residents of Foggy Albion and the USA are most affected by it, least of all - women of those countries where families with a large number of children are traditional, namely in Asia and West Africa. This type of cancer is directly related to the number of births and duration of breastfeeding.

Cervical cancer is developed everywhere, but the incidence is higher in countries with free morals in relation to sexual activity. This is due to the fact that human papillomavirus, the causative agent of cervical cancer, is sexually transmitted.

Bladder cancer is more common others suffer from Italians, kidney and oral cavity cancer - the French living in the Rhine basin, the Australians are the leaders in the incidence of skin cancer, in Hong Kong for some reason more than in other places, nasopharyngeal cancer occurs. France is the leader in esophageal cancer, and Israel is at the very tail of the list for this type of tumor. Colon cancer, as already mentioned, is rampant in North America, while Indians are the least affected by it - there it is 30 times less common than in the States. Liver cancer is common in Thailand and extremely rare in Paraguay.

Is there a relationship between the incidence of cancer and the nature of a person?

This question has long remained on the conscience of representatives of all sorts of near-medical movements that promote cancer treatment with positive thinking. Recently, however, a group of psychologists has confirmed what practitioners have already guessed from observing their patients: character is not only fate, character is also disease, or lack thereof. No one doubts the connection between a certain way of life and the diseases provoked by it, but the way of life is chosen by the person himself, depending on his preferences. But after all, preferences are also associated with the mental makeup of a person, and therefore the latest discoveries in this area have not caused much surprise in the scientific world.

So, according to the researchers, cancer more often affects people who are lonely, withdrawn and hostile to the outside world, as well as those who like to cherish their grievances. It turned out that aggressive, angry women are more prone to breast cancer, and men, whose character is characterized by others as “severe” or “bad”, are at risk for colorectal cancer.

Reliability of incidence rates

Of course, everything written above has statistical confirmation, each of these statements has been verified by scientists who have collected and processed a large amount of data. However, these values, in contrast to the absolute ones, show trends. This means that cancer can be and is atypical, and not always its occurrence can be explained with the existing level of knowledge. There is no complete absence of any type of cancer in any region of the world, only rates that are lower than in other regions. It happens that both cheerful people and those who are mobile and active get sick with cancer - however, in this case, the risk of the disease, although not equal to zero, is still much lower.

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Every year, the statistics on the spread of cancer are getting worse. Despite the invention of new drugs, improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, the number of people dying from tumors is progressively increasing. To answer the question: Why do people get cancer?”, you need to know the reason for its appearance.

Why do people get cancer?

Depending on the location of the malignant focus, the causes and predisposing factors differ.

Stomach cancer

All causes can be divided into several groups according to their origin:

1. Alimentary - characterized by the peculiarities of the diet, which a person adheres to for many years. This group includes:

• excessive consumption of fatty, fried, spicy foods and canned foods;
• trans fats (chips, crackers, margarine);
• vegetables, meat, for the growth of which chemical, hormonal or other carcinogenic substances are used.

1. Harmful addictions (smoking, alcohol).
2. Chronic gastric pathology, for example, erosion of the mucous membrane, long-term atrophic gastritis. Especially often with tumors, a bacterium is detected - "Helicobacter pylori", whose toxic waste products damage the protective layer of the stomach, as a result of which hydrochloric acid affects the mucous membrane.
3. hereditary predisposition.
4. Metabolic disorders due to hormonal imbalance or malnutrition.

At the initial stage of the disease, there may be no clinical symptoms, so a person goes to the doctor with complaints at stages 3-4, when the prognosis is already unfavorable.

Lungs' cancer

There are predisposing factors that a person cannot fight, for example, genetics, age, when immune defenses gradually decrease, concomitant chronic pathology appears (bronchitis, pneumonia) or hormonal disorders (menopause in women).

The remaining causes can be eliminated on their own or, at least, their influence can be reduced:

• smoking (tobacco smoke leads to the death of the protective epithelium of the bronchopulmonary system, and carcinogens, absorbed into the bloodstream, poison the entire body);
• industrial hazards (work with asbestos, metal, pesticides, cotton spinning, mining, rubber industry).

In addition, we must not forget about air pollution by carcinogens emitted by factories or resulting from the combustion of automotive fuel that we breathe every day.

bowel cancer

In the first place can be attributed to background bowel diseases of a hereditary or acquired nature. Among them are:

• polyposis, which can degenerate into a malignant neoplasm;
• inflammation, ulcers, Crohn's disease;
• celiac disease (gluten intolerance).

Of course, we should not forget about the negative impact of smoking and improper nutritional diet (insufficient consumption of various types of cereals, vegetables, coarse fibers; a large number of products with dyes, flavors, growth stimulants, etc.).

Mammary cancer

The most common cause is a hormonal imbalance. It is observed:

• at puberty or menopause;
• when taking hormonal drugs for concomitant pathology;
• late pregnancy, childbirth (after 28 years);
• frequent abortions;
• the absence of a lactation period;
• background pathology (mastitis, mastopathy, fibroadenoma, intraductal papillomatosis;
• genetic predisposition.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the radiation effect on the mammary glands when undergoing radiation for a tumor of the lungs or lymph nodes.

Why do women get uterine cancer?

In the group of "oncology" of the reproductive female system, we include the bodies of the uterus and ovaries. The following causes of occurrence apply to the entire group:

• age over 50 years;
• metabolic disorder (obesity);
• endocrine pathology, including polycystic ovaries;
• late first pregnancy (after 28 years);
• menopause;
• early sexual activity (12-13 years);
• promiscuity (venereal infections, genital herpes, papilloma virus);
• frequent abortions;
• inflammatory diseases (endometritis, vulvovaginitis, adnexitis);
• infertility;
• taking hormonal drugs, including oral contraceptives.

It should be noted that the listed factors are not 100% the cause, but increase the risk of its development.

Skin cancer

One of the most formidable skin diseases -. There are several factors that increase the risk of its occurrence:

• prolonged exposure to the sun during the period of their maximum activity (in summer from 11:00 to 16:00 of the day);
• addiction to the solarium, a visit to which increases the likelihood of skin cancer by 75%;
• (special attention should be paid when they are traumatized, discolored, droplets of blood appear, intensive growth);
• genetic predisposition;
• low immunity due to concomitant inflammatory or infectious pathology.

Why do men get prostate cancer?

The cause remains debatable. It is not completely clear what leads to. We can only highlight a few predisposing factors:

• age when, after 50 years, changes occur in the tissues of the prostate gland;
• hormonal disorders (decrease in testosterone);
• genetic failure;
• influence of radiation, irradiation;
• a sedentary lifestyle, when there is stagnation of venous blood in the pelvic organs, due to which the cells do not receive enough nutrients and oxygen;
• bad habits (smoking, alcohol), unhealthy diet;
• prolonged absence of sexual relations;
• reproductive system infections.

Blood cancer

Rapidly dividing cells are most susceptible to mutations and malignant transformation. These include blood cells (immature, young). Their growth is negatively affected by:

• radiation;
• harmfulness of production (work with pesticides, paint and varnish industry);
• carcinogens consumed with food;
• hereditary predisposition;
• treatment with chemotherapy drugs for concomitant malignant pathology;
• immunodeficiency states (HIV).

Thus, we can conclude that a lot depends on the person, especially on the lifestyle and the level of the body's immune defenses. Now knowing why do people get cancer, we hope that you will try to avoid provoking causes, and most importantly, regularly undergo medical examinations and consult a doctor in a timely manner!

The American Research Institute IHME (The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation) has published the results of a large-scale study Global Burden of Disease (GBD). The countries where the most malignant neoplasms are detected, where the highest mortality from cancer are named.

The number of cases and deaths from cancer over the past decade has grown worldwide by almost a third. The main killers are lung cancer, stomach and rectal cancer, breast cancer and skin cancer.

What countries have made the most significant contribution to the mournful list of cancer victims? Scientists have answered this question. It may seem paradoxical.

Here are the countries where the most cases were detected in 2016 (per 100,000 inhabitants):

Australia (743.8)
New Zealand (542.8)
United States of America (532.9)
Netherlands (477.3)
Luxembourg (455.4)
Iceland (455.0)
Norway (446.1)
UK (438.6)
Ireland (429.7)
Denmark (421.7)

And here are the states where cancer is diagnosed the least:

Syria (85.0)
Bhutan (86.0)
Algeria (86.7)
Nepal (90.7)
Oman (94.9)
Maldives (101.3)
Sri Lanka (101.6)
Niger (102.3)
Timor (105.9)
India (106.6)

Russia is in the middle of the list in both cases, which is probably not so bad.

How to explain that in developed countries, malignant neoplasms are diagnosed more often than in developing ones? On the one hand, advanced medicine makes it possible to diagnose cancer at an early stage. On the other hand, in third world countries, people, apparently, do not have time to get cancer and die (die) from other causes. A prime example is Syria. Yes, and the diagnosis is there ... you yourself understand what it is.

And here are the countries with the highest death rate from cancer:

Mongolia (272.1)
Zimbabwe (245.8)
Dominica (203.1)
Hungary (202.7)
Grenada (201.0)
Uruguay (190.6)
Tonga (189.7)
North Korea (188.7)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (183.1)
Croatia (180.2)

The other side of the coin is the countries with the lowest mortality from all types of cancer:

Syria (67.4)
Algeria (67.5)
Oman (69.2)
Maldives (72.0)
Sri Lanka (74.7)
Bhutan (78.6)
Uzbekistan (80.6)
Nicaragua (80.9)
Morocco (81.0)
Qatar (81.6)

It is difficult to identify the main trend, but it can still be said that cancer is more common in developed countries.

Noteworthy is the increased incidence and mortality from liver and stomach cancer in Mongolia, colorectal cancer in Hungary, lung cancer in North Korea, stomach cancer in South Korea, skin cancer in Australia, and thyroid cancer in Iceland.

In Dominica, men often suffer from malignant tumors of the prostate gland, and the UK leads the increase in cancers caused by exposure to asbestos. Each "hut" has its own rattles.

Men's health requires a very careful and careful attitude. After all, neglected diseases can greatly affect male strength and even lead to infertility. Your attention to the most important signs of prostatitis , noticing which, you should immediately consult a doctor.

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