Accounting in an economic entity involves the use of such a tool as accounting accounts used to group information by objects that are monitored. They are of several types. The basis for the numbering of accounts is the Chart of Accounts for 2019 with explanations and entries. It is necessary to distinguish between the chart of accounts of commercial enterprises, as well as those intended for the credit and public sector.

Due to the importance of the data that accounting provides, its regulation is carried out at several levels, including by law. One of the regulatory bodies in this area is the Government of the Russian Federation represented by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

The latest chart of accounts was put into effect by the Order of the Ministry of Finance in 2000 in order to reform the current accounting system and bring it closer to international accounting standards.

This document is intended for use by all enterprises and organizations, with the exception of public sector entities and credit institutions. For the latter, specialized plans have been developed that reflect the specifics of their activities.

Account types

Accounts are a grouping of information about certain accounting objects, which occurs on the basis of using the double entry principle (that is, data is simultaneously recorded on the debit of the first account and the credit of another).

If the account shows the property of the enterprise, then it is called active. These are accounts for reflecting fixed assets, materials, cash, goods, finished products, expenses, etc.

For this type of accounts, the following is typical: the balance of funds is shown on the debit (asset), the increase occurs on the debit, the decrease on the credit of the account, the final balance is calculated by adding the balance at the beginning and the turnover on the debit of the account and subtracting the credit turnover from their amount.

Passive accounts are required to record information on the sources of creation of enterprise funds. These are accounts of authorized, reserve and additional capital, etc., as well as loans.

These accounts are characterized by the following: the balance is shown on the credit, the increase occurs on the credit, and the decrease on the debit of the account, the final balance is calculated by subtracting from the amount of the initial balance and the credit turnover of the movement on the debit of the account.

In addition, active-passive accounts are also used, they can additionally be divided into:

• Accounts where the balance can be both on the credit and on the debit of the account at once. This is usually an account reflecting settlements with suppliers, buyers, personnel, budget, etc.
• Accounts where the balance can only be active or only passive. First of all, they include financial results accounts.

Chart of Accounts 2019 with explanations and postings

Section I. Non-current assets

Account number and name	Account type	Sub-accounts, analytics	Explanations
	Active		The account is maintained by the organization
	Passive	Sub-accounts are opened by OS types	The account takes into account the amounts accumulated in the process of using fixed assets
	Active	Sub-accounts can be opened by types and objects of value	The account records information on investments in material assets that are provided to others for temporary use for a fee
04 Intangible assets			The account takes into account investments in intangible assets or R&D work
05 Depreciation of intangible assets	Passive	Sub-accounts are opened by types of intangible assets or R&D expenses	The account takes into account the accumulated depreciation during the use of intangible assets
06	Not applicable
07 Equipment for installation	Active	Sub-accounts are opened by type of equipment, its location	The account takes into account the purchased equipment, which should be installed in facilities under construction
		08/1. Acquisition of land 08/2. Acquisition of objects of nature management 08/3. OS facilities construction 08/4. Acquisition of fixed assets 08/5. Acquisition of intangible assets 08/6. Transfer of young animals to the main herd 08/7. Acquisition of adult animals 08/8. R&D performance	The account accumulates costs for objects, which will then be taken into account as fixed assets or intangible assets
09 Deferred tax assets		Sub-accounts can be opened by types of assets or liabilities	The account reflects the resulting deferred tax assets

Section II. Productive reserves

Account number and name	Account type	Sub-accounts, analytics	Explanations
	Active	10/1. Raw materials 10/2. Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts 10/3. Fuel 10/4. Containers and packaging materials 10/5. Spare parts 10/6. Other materials 10/7. Materials transferred for processing to the side 10/8. Construction Materials 10/9. Inventory and household supplies 10/10. Special equipment and special clothing in stock 10/11. Special equipment and special clothing in operation	On the account and its sub-accounts, various types of raw materials and materials intended for production activities are accounted for
11 Raised and fattened animals		Sub-accounts can be opened by places where animals are kept, species, age, etc.	The account takes into account the presence and movement of young animals, birds, etc.
12, 13	Not applicable
14 Provisions for impairment of tangible assets	Passive		The account takes into account the reserves created in case of deviation of the book value of the available raw materials and materials from the market
15 Procurement and acquisition of material assets	Active		The invoice takes into account the cost of materials and stocks in transit
16 Deviation in the value of material assets	Active-passive	Sub-accounts can be opened by stock groups	The account takes into account the difference between the actual and book prices of the purchase of materials and stocks
17, 18	Not applicable
	Active	19/1. VAT on OS acquisition 19/2. VAT on acquired intangible assets 19/3. VAT on purchased inventories	The invoice contains information on the amounts of VAT paid to suppliers

Section III. Production costs

Account number and name	Account type	Sub-accounts, analytics	Explanations
	Active	Sub-accounts can be opened by types of costs or types of products	This account takes into account the costs of producing products, works or services for which the enterprise was organized
21 Semi-finished products of own production		Sub-accounts can be opened by storage locations or names	The account records semi-finished products of own production
22	Not applicable
23 Ancillary industries	Active	Sub-accounts can be opened by type of production	The account records the costs of production, which are considered auxiliary to the main
24	Not applicable
	Active	Sub-accounts are opened by departments or expense items	The account records expenses for servicing the main and auxiliary production
26 General expenses		Sub-accounts are opened by expense item, place of origin, etc.	The account records expenses for management needs that are not directly related to production
27	Not applicable
	Active	Sub-accounts can be opened by divisions, types of products, perpetrators, etc.	The account takes into account losses from the release of defects in production
29 Service industries and farms		Sub-accounts can be opened by types of production, according to their cost accounts	The account takes into account the costs of manufacturing products produced by service industries and farms
30-39	Not applicable

Section IV. Finished products and goods

Account number and name	Account type	Sub-accounts, analytics	Explanations
40 Output of products (works, services)	Active-passive		The account is used to account for information about manufactured products, as well as to determine the deviation of the standard cost from the actual one. The account must be closed every month.
41 Items	Active	41/1. Goods in warehouses 41/2. Goods in retail 41/3. Containers under the goods and empty 41/4. Purchased items	The account records the valuables that were purchased for the purpose of resale.
42 Trade margin	Passive		Trade margins are recorded on the account if goods for sale are recorded at sales prices
43 Finished products	Active	Sub-accounts can be opened by storage locations, product groups or units	The account records the finished products that were produced at the enterprise
44 Selling expenses		Sub-accounts can be opened by items and types of expenses	The account records the expenses that were incurred for the purpose of selling goods, works, services
45 Goods shipped		Sub-accounts can be opened at the location of products or their types	The account records goods sold, the proceeds from which for some time cannot be recognized in accounting
46 Completed milestones for work in progress		Sub-accounts can be opened by type of work	The account records the completed stages of work, which are of independent importance.
47, 48, 49	Not applicable

Section V. Funds

Account number and name	Account type	Sub-accounts, analytics	Explanations
50 Checkout	Active	50/1. Cash desk of the organization 50/2. Operating cash desk 50/3. Cash documents	The account records the cash flow of the enterprise
51 Settlement accounts		Sub-accounts can be opened for all settlement accounts	The account records the movement of funds in the bank accounts of the enterprise
52 Currency accounts		Sub-accounts can be opened for all accounts in foreign currency	The account records the movement of funds on the company's bank accounts opened in foreign currencies
53, 54	Not applicable
55 Special bank accounts	Active	55/1. Letters of credit 55/2. Checkbooks 55/3. Deposit accounts	The account records monetary liabilities in rubles and foreign currency in letters of credit, promissory notes and other monetary documents
56	Not applicable
57 Transfers on the way	Active		The account records the amounts of money in rubles and foreign currency that have been sent, but have not yet been credited to the destination
58 Financial investments		58/1. Units and shares 58/2. Debt securities 58/3. Loans granted 58/4. Contributions under a simple partnership agreement	The account takes into account the company's investments in bonds, stocks, other securities, etc.
59 Provisions for depreciation of financial investments	Passive	Sub-accounts can be opened for each reserve	The account records the funds set aside as a reserve in case of depreciation of financial investments.

Section VI. Calculations

Account number and name	Account type	Sub-accounts, analytics	Explanations
	Active-passive		The account records settlements with suppliers and contractors of the business entity
61	Not applicable
	Active-passive	Sub-accounts can be opened under contracts, counterparties, etc.	The account records settlements with buyers and customers
63 Provisions for doubtful debts	Passive		The account takes into account the amounts of formed reserves for doubtful debts
64, 65	Not applicable
66 Settlements on short-term credits and loans	Passive		The account takes into account information on short-term (up to 12 months) loans and borrowings received by the company
67 Settlements on long-term loans and borrowings		Sub-accounts can be opened by types of loans and loans, organizations that issued them, etc.	The account takes into account information on long-term (more than 12 months) loans and borrowings received by the company
	Active-passive	Sub-accounts are opened by types of taxes and fees	The account records the subject's settlements of taxes and fees
		69/1. Social insurance payments 69/2. Pension payments 69/3. Calculations for compulsory health insurance	The account takes into account settlements on deductions to social funds
		Sub-accounts are opened for employees of the organization	The account records settlements with employees of the company for wages, payment of income on shares, etc.
		Sub-accounts can be opened by accountable persons	The account records the amounts that were issued under the report for the implementation of production or administrative expenses
72	Not applicable
73 Settlements with personnel for other transactions	Active-passive	73/1. Loan settlements 73/2. Calculations for compensation for material damage	The account takes into account settlements with the company's personnel for all types of settlements, except for salaries and accountability
74	Not applicable
75 Settlements with founders	Active-passive	75/1. Settlements on contributions to the authorized (share) capital 75/2. Calculations for the payment of income	The account takes into account settlements between the company and the founders
		76/1. Settlements for property and personal insurance 76/2. Claim settlements 76/3. Calculations on due dividends and other income 76/4. Settlements on deposited amounts	The account records settlements with debtors and creditors that cannot be assigned to accounts from 60 to 75
77 Deferred tax liabilities	Passive	Sub-accounts are opened by types of assets or liabilities for which there was a tax difference	The sub-account is used to record the resulting tax liabilities
78	Not applicable
79 On-farm settlements	Active-passive	79/1. Settlements for allocated property 79/2. Current account settlements 79/3. Settlements under a property trust management agreement	The account is used to account for settlements between branches, separate subdivisions, departments, etc.

Section VII. Capital

Account number and name	Account type	Sub-accounts, analytics	Explanations
80 Authorized capital	Passive	Can be opened for each participant	The account collects information on the creation and movement of the authorized capital
81 Treasury shares (shares)	Active		The account takes into account the movement of shares that were purchased by the joint-stock company from holders for further sale or cancellation
82 Reserve capital	Passive		The account reflects the formation and change of reserve capital
83 Additional capital		Sub-accounts can be opened in the areas of creation and use	The account reflects the formation and change of additional capital
84 Retained earnings (uncovered loss)	Active-passive	Sub-accounts can be opened according to the directions of use of funds	The account reflects the movement of funds of retained earnings or uncovered loss of the subject
85	Not applicable
86 Targeted funding	Active-passive	Accounts can be opened according to the purpose of funds and sources of financing	The account records the funds received for the implementation of special-purpose activities
87, 88, 89	Not applicable

Section VIII. Financial results

Account number and name	Account type	Sub-accounts, analytics	Explanations
	Active-Passive	90/1. Revenue 90/2. Cost of sales 90/3. value added tax 90/4. excises 90/5. Profit/loss on sales	The account collects information on current activities to determine the financial result. All information is grouped by sub-accounts, after which it is debited to account 90/9
91 Other income and expenses		91/1. Other income 91/2. other expenses 91/9. Balance of other income and expenses	This account reflects information about other income and expenses that are not related to the main activity. At the end of the period, all sub-accounts are closed to account 91/9
92, 93	Not applicable
94 Shortfalls and losses from damage to valuables	Active		The account takes into account various shortages and losses, regardless of the identification of the perpetrators for them.
95	Not applicable
96 Provisions for future expenses	Passive	Sub-accounts are opened by types of reserves	The account records reserve funds, which should be evenly allocated to production or sales costs.
97 Deferred expenses	Active	Sub-accounts are opened by types of expenses	The account takes into account expenses that are made in this period, but actually relate to the future.
98 Deferred income	Passive	98/1. Deferred income 98/2. Donations 98/3. Future receipts of debts for shortfalls identified in previous years 98/4. The difference between the amount to be recovered from the perpetrators and the book value for shortages of valuables	The account records the income that the entity received in this period, but in fact they relate to future periods.
99 Gains and Losses	Active-Passive		Required to obtain the final financial result for the current period. When preparing an annual report, the account is closed to account 84.

Off-balance sheet accounts

Account number and name	Account type	Sub-accounts, analytics	Explanations
001 Leased fixed assets	Off-balance sheet	Sub-accounts can be opened for lessors or fixed assets	The account records fixed assets that are leased from the company
002 Inventory items accepted for safekeeping		Sub-accounts can be opened by types of valuables, owners, storage locations, etc.	The account records the valuables accepted by the company for safekeeping
003 Materials accepted for recycling		Sub-accounts can be opened by customers, types of raw materials, their locations, etc.	The account records the received raw materials and materials, which are subject to processing into finished products
004 Goods accepted for commission		Sub-accounts can be opened by the owners of the goods and the name of the goods	The account records goods that are accepted by the organization under a commission agreement
005 Equipment accepted for installation		Sub-accounts are opened by objects or pieces of equipment	Usually used by contractors, the account takes into account the equipment of the customer, which will be installed on site
006 Forms of strict accountability		Sub-accounts can be opened by types of forms and their locations	The subaccount is used to account for the movement of strict reporting forms - books of receipts, diplomas, certificates, etc.
007 Written-off debt of insolvent debtors		Sub-accounts are opened for each debtor whose debt has been written off	The account is used to record debts that were written off at the end of the statute of limitations. By law, they are on the balance sheet for another 5 years.
008 Security for obligations and payments received		Sub-accounts can be opened for each collateral received	The account is used to record collateral received against obligations or goods
009 Security for obligations and payments issued		Sub-accounts can be opened for each issued collateral	The account is used to record collateral issued by the firm against its obligations.
010 Depreciation of fixed assets		Sub-accounts can be opened for each object	The account is used to accumulate information about the depreciation of the housing stock, landscaping, etc.
011 Leased fixed assets		Sub-accounts can be opened for tenants or fixed assets	The account is designed to account for fixed assets that were leased out, if under the agreement they must be accounted for on the lessee's balance sheet

Every day, any organization performs business transactions. To systematize them, the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n approved the chart of accounts.

It allows you to unify the activities of enterprises that keep records using the double entry method.

The exceptions are banks and budgetary institutions (separate documents have been developed for them).

The chart of accounts forms the basis of accounting. Thanks to him, enterprises, regardless of the field of activity and region, interact with each other, as they work with the same values.

It also contributes to the orderly maintenance of accounting records within the company, summarizes indicators on a national scale (in particular, sectors of the national economy).

Another function of this document is that it allows you to control the correctness of accounting and use of the property of the enterprise. These data can be clearly seen in the annual balance sheet of the organization. And it clearly shows how much the company has earned, how much money it has in non-cash form in the bank, and how much is invested in assets.

Thanks to the delimitation and naming of indicators, the manager sees the real picture of the activities of his company, and on its basis distributes income and expenses, makes decisions to expand or, conversely, reduce production.

Thanks to the plan, the same indicators are summarized, presented in different forms. As a result, they will end up on one account, where you can trace the dynamics.

Sections of the Chart of Accounts

The Chart of Accounts consists of eight sections.

The first - "Non-current assets"- contains the assets of the enterprise: their input, disposal, construction, depreciation, etc. It reflects fixed assets (buildings, structures, equipment), intangible assets (patents, licenses), other non-current assets. sch. from 01 to 09.

The second is "Inventory". It contains information about the objects of labor that are necessary for use in production, economic needs, for operations on the circulation of these objects of labor. The basis here is materials (account 10), with the help of sub-accounts, it reflects different types of materials for the production of products (see). The section begins with 10 and ends with 19.

Third - "Costs of production"- expenses for all activities of the organization, except for sales. It also calculates the cost of goods or services. Includes account. from 20 to 39.

Fourth - "Finished products and goods" takes into account data on the availability and movement of the organization's products. sch. from 40 to 49.

Fifth - "Cash" is a summary of information about the enterprise's monetary resources in rubles and foreign currency, they can either be available or in motion (for example, transfers en route from a bank), and borrowed funds. They are represented by cash on hand, non-cash in the bank and securities. Includes account. from 50 to 59.

Then there are "calculations". It reflects all types of settlements of the organization with legal entities, its own employees (for example, on wages) and on-farm settlements. sch. from 60 to 79.

The seventh is called Capital. All data on authorized, additional and reserve capital, own shares and retained earnings are presented here. If the organization has only authorized capital, then it is worth filling out the account. 80, which is what it's called. The section ends. 89.

And the final section "Financial results". It summarizes the activities of the company in financial terms (profits, losses) for a given period of time. Summarizes income and expenses and forms reserves.

Chart of Accounts Structure

Each section of the plan contains two types of accounts:

• Synthetic;
• Analytical (sub-accounts).

Synthetic accounts are first-order accounts, they consist of two digits (from 01 to 99) and are required.

Sub-accounts are opened to synthetic ones as needed in order to reveal them in more detail. They are indicated by several numbers: first comes the synthetic number, and then the subaccount number through a dot (for example, 57.3 - Transfers in transit from the bank).

There are also off-balance accounts, but they do not belong to any of the above sections, since they reflect economic objects temporarily in the use of the organization.

For example, if it leases fixed assets from another organization. Off-balance sheet consists of three digits (from 001 to 011).

There is another classification - according to the content of the business transaction:

Active- reflect the accounting of the movement of economic assets. Their opening and closing balances are always recorded in debit. If there is an increase in the asset, it is recorded as a debit, a decrease - as a credit. These include counts: 01, 03, 04, 08, 09, 10, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 29, 41, 43, 44, 45, 50, 51, 52, 58, 97;

Passive- reflect the sources with which the assets of the enterprise were formed. The opening and closing balances are always credit. An increase occurs on a credit, a decrease on a debit. These include: 02, 05, 42, 66, 67, 70, 77, 80, 98;

Active-passive- take into account both assets and sources of their financing. The balance can be both debit and credit. They are numbered: 40, 60, 62, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 79, 84, 90, 91, 99.

How to create

Each organization has the right to create a work plan tailored to its own needs. Indeed, even despite the fact that it is considered standard, approved by law, each organization has its own accounting features.

And therefore, some accounts are not used at all, while others need to create several sub-accounts.

For this purpose, an Instruction for Use was created, which was approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. It also gives a detailed description of each indicator and what is allowed to be included in it.

Another section of the Instructions is the correspondence of accounts. That is, which accounts to take to reflect this or that business transaction. If there is no necessary example in the Instruction, there are requirements and approaches according to which accounting entries are created.

In order to create an effective work plan for an organization, the following rules must be taken into account:

• Clearly determine which synthetic accounts the company needs to accurately reflect all areas of its activities;
• Select the necessary sub-accounts;
• Create in such a way that you can make additions to it. After all, the legislation does not stand still and every year amends the documents.

Any business transaction in the life of the enterprise must be reflected in accounting. To do this, the accountants of the organization make special accounting entries - postings, which, in turn, are formed from existing accounting accounts. In the article we will tell you which chart of accounts to use depending on the type of organization.

General provisions

The organization of accounting, regardless of the type of company, is based on the completeness, reliability and systematization of information about the economic life of an economic entity.

In order to group and systematize accounting, legislators have provided for a special procedure for reflecting accounting entries in the company's accounting on the basis of the Unified Charts of Accounts. accounting (EPSBU). However, each type of organization has its own rules.

We define the basic rules that are the same for all economic entities:

1. All economic entities are required to keep accounting records, except for individual entrepreneurs, private traders and foreign representative offices. Some companies have the right to maintain accounting records according to a simplified scheme.
2. The management of the company is directly responsible for the functioning of the accounting department at the enterprise.
3. The Company independently determines the available methods and forms of accounting management. This information must be fixed in the accounting policy. Note that the document is mandatory for all firms.
4. All facts of the subject's life activity must be confirmed by the relevant primary documents. They, in turn, are subject to registration in special accounting journals, registers and statements.
5. Accounting must be kept in rubles and in Russian. If necessary, they recalculate at the current exchange rates of the Central Bank (as of the date of the transaction) or make a line-by-line translation.
6. The company is obliged to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the information. It is also necessary to organize detailed internal control.

The current chart of accounts 2020, table by types of economic entities:

	Legal act
State and municipal institutions
Section II
	A	Animals for growing and fattening
	P	Provisions for depreciation of material assets
	A-P	Deviation in the value of material assets
Section III
	A	Semi-finished products of own production
	A	Service industries and farms
Section IV
40	A-P	Output of products (works, services)
	P	Trade margin
	A	Completed stages of work in progress
Section V
	A	Settlement accounts
	P	Provisions for depreciation of financial investments
Section VI
	P

All synthetic accounts that can be used in accounting are indicated in the Chart of Accounts. CHART OF ACCOUNTSorCOUNTING PLANcalled a systematicethe value of accounting accounts. According to the Chart of Accounts accounting should be organized at enterprises of allTbranches of the national economy of the Russian Federation, regardless of subordination, organizational and legal form and form of ownership. An exception are banks, budgetary and insurance organizations, where their own plans of accounts operate. The application of the Chart of Accounts provides: – uniformity in the construction of accounting for all business entities in the territory of the Russian Federation. - receiving comparable information and, as a result, generalized indicators on the scale of individual industries, associations of enterprises and the national economy as a whole. In the Plan, all accounts are summarized in eight sections : 1 - Non-current assets 2 - Inventories 3 - Production costs 4 - Finished products and goods 5 - Cash 6 - Settlements 7 - Capital 8 - Financial results capital. The final section is the one that generates information on financial results as the ultimate goal of the enterprise. Thus, each section combines accounts associated with a certain stage of the circulation of economic assets. Within each section, the accounts are arranged in a certain logical sequence. All synthetic accounts included in these sections are called balance sheets accounts - they participate in the formation of balance sheet items and serve to account for economic assets and their sources, owned by the enterprise and brought into circulation by them. The balance sheet accounts in the plan are assigned two-digit cipher (number). For example, the account "Cashier" is assigned the number 50. This means that on lYubong enterprise in any point of the country, account 50 reflects information about the availability of funds in the cash desk of the enterprise and their movement. Each account in the Chart of Accounts has Instruction (manual) for its applicationeniyu. It includes brief descriptions of the economic content and structure of all accounts and a general outline of their correspondence. After the balance sheets in the Chart of Accounts there is a list off-balance sheet accounts, designed to account for economic assets that do not belong to the enterprise, but are in its limited use, as well as funds taken by the enterprise for safekeeping (for example, leased fixed assets; materials accepted for processing; equipment accepted for installation; goods accepted for a commission, etc.). Off-balance sheet accounts are assigned three-digit room. Based on the Chart of Accounts, the enterprise develops working chart of accounts taking into account the specifics of the enterprise and the management tasks to be solved. The working chart of accounts is approved in the order on accounting policy. To account for specific operations, an enterprise can introduce additional synthetic accounts, fixing its decision in the accounting policy. For this purpose, free code numbers are provided in each section of the Chart of Accounts, allowing, if necessary, to supplement the Plan with new accounts without changing the general numbering of accounts. Sub-accounts can be used by the enterprise at its own discretion - you can clarify their content, exclude, combine them, enter additional accounts. CHART OF ACCOUNTS FOR FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF ORGANIZATIONS

relation to balance	Account number
		Section I. NON-CURRENT ASSETS
A	01	fixed assets
P	02	Depreciation of fixed assets
A	03	Profitable investments in material values
A	04	Intangible assets
P	05	Amortization of intangible assets
A	06	Deferred tax assets
A	07	Installation equipment
A	08	Investments in non-current assets
		Section II. PRODUCTIVE RESERVES
A	10	materials
A	11	Animals for growing and fattening
P	14	Provisions for depreciation of material assets
A-P	15	Procurement and acquisition of material assets
A-P	16	Deviation in the value of material assets
A	19	Value added tax on acquired valuables
		Section III. PRODUCTION COSTS
A	20	Primary production
A	21	Semi-finished products of own production
A	23	Auxiliary production
A	25	overhead costs
A	26	General running costs
A	28	Marriage in production
A	29	Service industries and farms
		Section IV. FINISHED PRODUCTS AND GOODS
A-P	40	Output of products (works, services)
A	41	Products
P	42	Trade margin
A	43	Finished products
A	44	Selling costs
A	45	Goods shipped
A	46	Completed stages of work in progress
		Section V. CASH
A	50	Cash register
A	51	Settlement accounts
A	52	Currency accounts
A	55	Special bank accounts
A	57	Transfers on the way
A	58	Financial investments
P	59	Provisions for depreciation of financial investments

relation to balance	Account number	Synthetic account name
		Section VI. CALCULATIONS
P	60	Settlements with suppliers and contractors
A	62	Settlements with buyers and customers
P	63	Allowance for doubtful debts
P	66	Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings
P	67	Settlements on long-term credits and loans
P	68	Calculations for taxes and fees
P	69	Settlements for social insurance and security
P	70	Settlements with personnel for payroll
A-P	71	Calculations with accountable persons
A-P	73	Settlements with personnel for other operations
A-P	75	Settlements with founders
A-P	76	Settlements with different debtors and creditors
P	77	Deferred tax liabilities
A-P	79	On-farm settlements
		Section VII. CAPITAL
P	80	Authorized capital
A	81	Own shares (shares)
P	82	Reserve capital
P	83	Extra capital
A-P	84	Retained earnings (uncovered loss)
P	86	Special-purpose financing
		Section VIII. FINANCIAL RESULTS
A-P	90	Sales
A-P	91	Other income and expenses
A	94	Shortfalls and losses from damage to valuables
P	96	Reserves for future expenses
A	97	Future spending
P	98	revenue of the future periods
A-P	99	Profit and loss
		Off-balance sheet accounts
	001	Leased fixed assets
	002	Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping
	003	Materials accepted for recycling
	004	Goods accepted for commission
	005	Equipment accepted for installation
	006	Forms of strict reporting
	007	Written-off debt of insolvent debtors
	008	Collateral for obligations and payments received
	009	Security for obligations and payments issued
	010	Depreciation of fixed assets
	011	Leased fixed assets

The chart of accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations, as well as the Instruction for its application, were approved by the Ministry of Finance of Russia on October 31, 2000 No. 94n. In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, the Chart of Accounts and Instructions for its application were put into effect on January 1, 2001.

The Chart of Accounts was adopted in pursuance of the Accounting Reform Program in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 6, 1998 No. 283.

The Chart of Accounts is a systematic list of accounting accounts.

The chart of accounts determines the range of accounting accounts used in organizations and is a scheme for registering and grouping the facts of economic life (assets, liabilities, financial, business transactions, etc.) in accounting. It contains the names and numbers of synthetic accounts (accounts of the first order) and sub-accounts (accounts of the second order).

The sub-accounts provided for in the Chart of Accounts are used by the organization based on the requirements of managing the organization, including the needs of analysis, control and reporting. The organization can clarify the content of the sub-accounts given in the Chart of Accounts, exclude and combine them, as well as introduce additional sub-accounts.

The procedure for conducting analytical accounting is established by the organization based on the Instructions for the Application of the Chart of Accounts, regulations and other regulations, guidelines on accounting issues (fixed assets, inventories, etc.).

The Chart of Accounts is based on the classification of accounts according to their economic content.

According to the Chart of Accounts and in accordance with the Instructions, accounting must be kept in organizations (except for credit and budgetary ones) of all forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms that keep records using the double entry method.

On the basis of the Chart of Accounts and Instructions for its use, the organization approves a working chart of accounts containing a complete list of synthetic and analytical (including sub-accounts) accounts required for accounting.

The instruction establishes uniform approaches to the application of the Chart of Accounts for accounting of the financial and economic activities of organizations and the reflection of the facts of economic life on the accounts of accounting. It provides a brief description of synthetic accounts and sub-accounts opened for them: their structure and purpose, the economic content of the facts of economic life generalized on them, the order in which the most common facts are reflected are disclosed. The description of accounting accounts by sections is given in the sequence provided for by the Chart of Accounts.

The principles, rules and methods of accounting for certain assets, liabilities, financial, business transactions, etc., including recognition, valuation, grouping, by organizations are established by regulations and other regulations, methodological guidelines on accounting issues.

In the Instruction, after describing each synthetic account, a typical scheme of its correspondence with other synthetic accounts is given. In the event of the occurrence of facts of economic life, the correspondence for which is not provided for in the standard scheme, the organization can supplement it, observing the uniform approaches established by the Instruction.

The Chart of Accounts contains the names and codes of synthetic accounts (I order) and sub-accounts (II order).

In the Chart of Accounts, accounts are grouped into sections according to their economic content. This grouping is based on the economic classification of accounting objects. In total, the Chart of Accounts includes 8 sections, uniting 62 synthetic accounts. A separate group consists of off-balance accounts, consisting of 11 accounts.

Section I. Non-current assets.

Section II. Productive reserves.

Section III. Production costs.

Section IV. Finished products and goods.

Section V. Cash.

Section VI. Calculations.

Section VII. Capital.

Section VIII. Financial results.

Off-balance sheet accounts

Chart of accounts is given in table. 5.1.

Table 5.1

PLAN of accounts for financial and economic activities of organizations

(approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n)

Name accounts	Cipher accounts	Relatively to balance	Sub-account number and name
SECTION 1. Non-current assets
fixed assets			By type of fixed assets
Depreciation of fixed assets
Profitable investments in material values			By type of wealth
Intangible assets			By types of intangible assets and by expenses for research, development and technological work
Amortization of intangible assets
Installation equipment
			1. Acquisition of land 2. Acquisition of objects of nature management

Investments in non-current assets			3. Construction of fixed assets 4. Acquisition of fixed assets 5. Acquisition of intangible assets 6. Transfer of young animals to the main herd 7. Purchase of adult animals 8. Performance of research, development and technological work
Deferred tax assets
SECTION II. Productive reserves
materials			1. Raw materials 2. Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts 3. Fuel 4. Packaging and packaging materials 5. Spare parts 6. Other materials 7. Materials transferred for processing to the side 8. Building materials 9. Inventory and household supplies 10. Special equipment and special clothing in stock 11. Special equipment and special clothing in operation
Animals for growing and fattening
Provisions for depreciation of material assets
Procurement and acquisition of material assets
Deviation in the value of material assets

Value added tax on acquired valuables			1. Value added tax on the acquisition of fixed assets 2. Value added tax on acquired intangible assets 3. Value added tax on acquired inventories
SECTION III. Production costs
Primary production
Semi-finished products of own production
Auxiliary production
overhead costs
General running costs
Marriage in production
Service industries and farms
SECTION IV. Finished products and goods
Output of products (works, services)

			1. Goods in stock 2. Goods in retail 3. Containers under the goods and empty 4. Purchased items
Trade margin
Finished products
Selling costs
Goods shipped
Completed stages of work in progress
SECTION V. Cash
			1. Cash desk of the organization 2. Operating cash desk 3. Cash documents
Settlement accounts
Currency accounts
Special bank accounts			1. Letters of credit 2. Checkbooks 3. Deposit accounts
Transfers on the way
Financial investments			1. Shares and shares 2. Debt securities 3. Loans granted 4. Contributions under a simple partnership agreement
Provisions for depreciation of financial investments
SECTION VI. Calculations
Settlements with suppliers and contractors
Settlements with buyers and customers

Allowance for doubtful debts
Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings			By types of credits and loans
Settlements on long-term credits and loans			By types of credits and loans
Calculations for taxes and fees			By type of payment
Settlements for social insurance and security			1. Calculations for social insurance 2. Calculations for pensions 3. Calculations for health insurance
Settlements with personnel for payroll
Calculations with accountable persons
Settlements with personnel for other operations			1. Settlements on granted loans 2. Calculations for compensation for material damage
Settlements with founders			1. Calculations on deposits in the authorized (share) capital 2. Calculations for the payment of income
Settlements with different debtors and creditors			1. Settlements for property and personal insurance 2. Settlement of claims 3. Calculations on due dividends and other income 4. Settlements on deposited amounts
Deferred tax liabilities
On-farm			1. For allocated property 2. Current transactions 3. Settlements under a property trust management agreement

SECTION VII. Capital
Authorized capital
Own shares (shares)
Reserve capital
Extra capital
Retained earnings (uncovered loss)
Special-purpose financing			By type of financing
SECTION VIII. Financial results
			1. Revenue 2. Cost of sales 3. Value added tax 4. Excises 9. Profit (loss) from sales
Other income and expenses			1. Other income 2. Other expenses 9. Balance of other income and expenses
Shortfalls and losses from damage to valuables
Reserves for future expenses			By type of expenses
Future spending			By type of reserves
revenue of the future periods			1. Income received on account of future periods 2. Donations 3. Future receipts of debts for shortfalls identified in previous years 4. Difference between the amount to be recovered

			from the perpetrators, and the book value of the shortage of valuables
Profit and loss
Off-balance sheet accounts
Leased fixed assets
Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping
Materials accepted for recycling
Goods accepted for commission
Equipment accepted for installation
Forms of strict reporting
Written-off debt of insolvent debtors
Collateral for obligations and payments received
Security for obligations and payments issued
Depreciation of fixed assets
Leased fixed assets

Section I "Non-current assets". The accounts of this section are intended to summarize information on the presence and movement of the organization's assets, which, in accordance with the accounting rules, relate to fixed assets, intangible assets and other non-current assets, as well as the facts of economic life associated with their construction, acquisition and disposal.

This section includes eight accounts that disclose the content and movement of long-term assets in material (fixed assets, equipment for installation) and intangible, "intangible" form (in the form of rights of use - intangible assets).

This section also presents accounts for accounting for profitable investments in tangible assets and investments in non-current assets (acquisition and construction of fixed assets, intangible assets, etc.).

Section II "Inventory". The accounts of this section are intended to summarize information on the presence and movement of objects of labor intended for processing, processing or use in production or for economic needs, means of labor, which, in accordance with the established procedure, are included in the composition of funds in circulation, as well as the facts of economic life, associated with their preparation (acquisition).

This section also contains accounts containing information on reserves for deviations in the cost of raw materials, materials, fuel and similar values, determined in the accounting accounts, from the market value, as well as work in progress, finished products, goods, etc. and on the amounts of value added tax paid (payable) by the organization on acquired values ​​(fixed assets, intangible assets, production stocks). This section is represented by six accounts.

Section III "Production Costs" includes seven accounts and generates information on the costs associated with the statutory activities of the economic entity, as well as with the social services of its personnel. The list of accounts and the methodology for their application is established by him independently, based on the characteristics of the production activity of the structure and the established management organization, taking into account modern requirements. The accounts of this section are intended to summarize information on expenses for the ordinary activities of the organization (except for sales expenses).

The formation of information on expenses for ordinary activities is carried out either on accounts 20-29 or on accounts 20-39. In the latter case, accounts 20-29 are used to group expenses by items, places of origin and other features, as well as calculate the cost of products (works, services); accounts 30-39 are used to record expenses by expense items. The relationship of accounting for expenses by items and elements is carried out using specially opened reflective accounts. The composition and methodology for using accounts 20-39 with this accounting option is established by the organization based on the characteristics of the activity, structure, management organization based on the relevant recommendations of the Ministry of Finance of Russia.

Thus, sections I-III of the chart of accounts have incorporated all resource accounts represented by property accounts, as well as accounts that form information about the production process of products (works, services) in accordance with the organization's statutory activities.

Section IV "Finished products and goods" includes seven accounts of the first order. The accounts of this section are intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of finished products (products of production) and goods.

Section V "Cash" contains seven accounts. The accounts of this section are intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of funds in Russian and foreign currencies held in cash, settlement, currency and other accounts opened with credit institutions in the country and abroad, as well as securities, payment and money documents.

Cash in foreign currencies and transactions with them are recorded on the accounts of this section in rubles in amounts determined by foreign currency conversion in the prescribed manner. At the same time, these funds are reflected in the currency of settlements and payments.

This section also includes account 58 “Financial investments” in the form of marketable securities. As you can see, the accounts of this section form information that reflects the presence and movement of temporarily free money capital.

Section VI "Settlements" combines accounts that accumulate and summarize information on all types of settlements of the organization with various legal entities and individuals, as well as on-farm settlements. The section includes 14 accounts.

So, the accounts presented in sections IV, V, VI of the chart of accounts summarize information on all the facts of economic life that reveal the circulation process.

Section VII "Capital" consists of six accounts. With their help, information is summarized on the state and movement of the company's own capital, presented in the form of authorized, additional and reserve capital, retained earnings (uncovered loss).

This section also presents the reserves formed in the organization in accordance with the legislation and (or) the constituent documents of the owner.

It reflects information on the presence and movement of own shares repurchased by the joint-stock company from shareholders for their subsequent resale or cancellation, as well as on the movement of funds intended for the implementation of special-purpose activities, funds received from other organizations and persons, budgetary funds, etc.

Section VIII "Financial results". The accounts of this section are intended to summarize information on the income and expenses of the organization, as well as to identify the final financial result of the organization's activities for the reporting period.

Separately, in this section, account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” is presented. Such a place of this account in the balance sheet is due to the fact that the information presented in it essentially concerns the irrational use of property and liabilities (receivables) at all stages of the formation of the value of the total social product. Information accumulated on account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” on the presence of shortages, theft and losses from damage to property (including free cash capital) can be obtained both in the process of their preparation (acquisition) and at the stage of storage and implementation.

At the same time, at the stage of their discovery, it does not matter in what order they will be written off in the future - to production costs, financial results, or to the perpetrators. There are seven accounts in this section.

Each account in the chart of accounts has its own number and a cipher (code) consisting of two digits. For example, account 01 "Fixed assets", account 10 "Materials", etc.

Separate accounts are provided with sub-accounts indicating their number and name. So, account 55 "Special accounts in banks" has three sub-accounts:

• 55-1 "Letters of credit";
• 55-2 "Checkbooks";
• 55-3 "Deposit accounts".

Account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" has eight sub-accounts:

• 08-1 "Acquisition of land plots";
• 08-2 "Acquisition of objects of nature management";
• 08-3 "Construction of fixed assets";
• 08-4 "Acquisition of fixed assets";
• 08-5 "Acquisition of intangible assets";
• 08-6 "Transfer of young animals to the main herd";
• 08-7 "Acquisition of adult animals";
• 08-8 "Performance of research and development and technological work", etc.

Off-balance accounts, due to their specificity, are separated in the Chart of Accounts and disclose information on the presence and movement of property that does not belong to the organization, but is temporarily in its use or disposal. There are also accounts on which records and control over individual facts of the economic life of an economic entity, its conditional rights and obligations are kept.

Off-balance accounts have three-digit numbering. For example, account 001 “Rented fixed assets”, 006 “Strict reporting forms”, 007 “Debt written off at a loss of insolvent debtors”, etc.

Sub-accounts for off-balance accounts are not provided, since this is not necessary. There is no two-way movement of the considered objects on them. Therefore, the account is closed unilaterally.

Based on the standard Chart of Accounts, organizations develop their own working charts of accounts economic activity, taking into account their specifics. The working chart of accounts of the organization includes only those accounts that are necessary to take into account the presence and movement of the organization's property, the sources of their formation and specific facts of economic life.

To take into account the specific facts of economic life, an organization may, in agreement with the Ministry of Finance of Russia, enter additional synthetic accounts into the Chart of Accounts using free account numbers.

The sub-accounts provided for in the Chart of Accounts are used based on the requirements of the organization's analysis, control and reporting. If necessary, organizations can clarify the content of individual of them, as well as introduce additional sub-accounts, exclude or merge sub-accounts.

Analytical accounts are opened by the organization independently, depending on the goals and specifics of its activities.

Small businesses may use an abbreviated working chart of accounts.

When forming the accounting policy of the organization, a working chart of accounts is approved, containing synthetic and analytical accounts, sub-accounts necessary for accounting in accordance with the requirements for the timeliness and completeness of accounting and reporting.