Punctuation analysis of a sentence is quite easy to do if you know the scheme and master the basic rules of grammar. Essentially, this language analysis is based on finding and explaining the use of certain punctuation marks using knowledge of syntax.

Parsing scheme

There are differences between the analysis of simple and complex sentences, but the algorithm of actions itself remains the same. To understand how to do punctuation analysis, you need to know in what order to carry it out.

1. Place numbers above all punctuation marks.
2. Explain the sign (punctuation) that comes at the end. This can be a period, exclamation point or question mark. Ellipses are used less frequently.
3. Analyze for the presence of commas or dashes. If the sentence is complex, talk about the use of punctograms, which together make up the construction.

How to do proper parsing

When you have all the numbers entered, we proceed directly to the analysis. To properly explain the use of a mark at the end of a sentence, you need to determine the purpose of the statement and its overall emotional tone. A period is added to show a complete thought. Such a sentence is called a narrative sentence. If the goal is to ask a question, there will definitely be a question mark at the end, and if this is an order or a call to action, after last word put exclamation mark, and the offer itself is called incentive. If the thought is not completed or requires a long pause, an ellipsis is added at the end.

We determine the construction of the sentence. To explain the choice of signs in a complex statement, determine how many parts it consists of and how they are related to each other. The connection can be coordinating, subordinating, conjunction or non-conjunction.

In simple sentences we explain the functions that this or that sign performs. Commas or dashes can be set off filler words or phrases, addresses, isolated definitions and applications, as well as clarifying members designed to attract the reader’s attention.

Also, a comma separates homogeneous members. The author's direct speech also requires commas and dashes.

At the end of the analysis, it is preferable to draw a diagram that graphically displays the places where certain punctuation marks are placed.

Let's give an example of parsing a complex sentence. Based on it, you can analyze the simple one.

Talk about the grammatical functions of signs.

Of course, (1) the modern Russian language is different from the one (2) spoken and written by Pushkin, (3) Gogol, (4) Karamzin and Turgenev. (6)

• 6 - a period at the end of a declarative sentence with a complete thought.
• 2 - a comma between parts of a complex sentence and separates subordinate clause from the main one.
• 1 - comma separates introductory word from the rest of the proposal.
• 3, 4 - homogeneous members are separated by signs, in in this case subjects that are connected without a union.

As we can see, it is quite easy to perform punctuation analysis of a sentence, but for this you need to be able to analyze the structure of the construction and explain the use of punctuation marks from a grammatical point of view. Therefore, it is worth studying not only the rules of writing, but also being able to divide words in a sentence into members.

In studying punctuation analysis, it is important to highlight the basic principles:

• search for grammatical basis;
• search for participial or adverbial phrases;
• search for introductory structures.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the main steps in the algorithm for punctuation parsing a sentence:

• First of all, you need to pay attention to the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence. By whether there is a period, a question mark or an ellipsis at the end of a sentence, the reader determines the emotional coloring of the statement. It is necessary that the student can explain in detail and clearly why this particular punctuation mark was chosen.
• The next step is to determine the construction of the sentence. The number of punctuation marks depends on whether the sentence in front of us is simple or complex. In order for students to easily distinguish a simple sentence from a complex one, they must be able to independently determine not only the grammatical basis of the sentence, but also the type of subordinate clause.
• Next, you should analyze the functions of each punctuation mark; We remind you that they can be dividing and highlighting.

Students should understand the difference in the use of separators and emphases.

TO highlighting signs should include dashes, colons, commas, quotation marks and parentheses. With their help, isolations, definitions and generalizations, etc. are highlighted.

TO separators include comma, semicolon, dash, colon. Signs are intended for separation homogeneous members sentences, parts of a complex sentence, etc.

• Immediately before punctuation analysis, teachers recommend analyzing the sentence by composition with the obligatory highlighting of the grammatical basis, homogeneous parts of the sentence, definitions and circumstances.
• A graphical diagram of a sentence, compiled on the basis of analysis of the sentence by composition, will significantly simplify punctuation analysis.
• The final point is punctuation analysis.

Examples

We propose to consolidate the information received in practice. Students need to have an accurate understanding of what the teacher is asking of them, so it is important to provide them with a sample review.

Example 1

[A trapezoid was pushed into the opening of the half-open window sunlight], 1 (the upper corner of which touched the edge of the mirror cabinet).(D. Rubina)

• Grammar basics: trapezoid pushed in, angle touched.
• The main clause and subordinate clause are separated by a comma.

[The boys looked at each other and, 1 |without taking their eyes off me|, 2 began to slowly and carefully back away]. (K. Paustovsky)

• Grammar basis: the boys looked at each other and began to back away.
• There is a period at the end of the sentence because the sentence is declarative and represents a complete statement.
• The participial phrase is highlighted in the sentence with two commas.

|Straining and turning purple|, 1 (the sun plopped down behind the village cemetery), 2 (and after me the blue twilight swirled across the brushwood). (M. Sholokhov)

• Grammar basics: the sun flopped down, twilight swirled.
• There is a period at the end of the sentence because the sentence is declarative and represents a complete statement.
• There are two punctuation marks in the sentence. In the first case, a comma separates two homogeneous gerunds, and in the second case, a comma separates parts of a complex sentence.

It is worth summing up. If a student is able to remember this simple algorithm, then he will master the punctuation parsing of a sentence to perfection.

This task tests the ability to conduct punctuation analysis of a sentence complicated by introductory constructions. Introductory words are words or
combinations of words with which
the speaker expresses his attitude towards
what he says:
Of course, we didn't count all the ducks that were shot.
got it. Vladimir, to the great
to Yermolai’s surprise, he didn’t shoot at all
Great. Ermolai shot, as always,
victorious. As usual, I -
Badly.

Introductory words have different meanings:

1. expressing the speaker’s feelings
to joy, to sorrow, to shame, to
unfortunately, to horror, to amazement, to
indignation, etc.
The students went forward, and, to the greatest
their joy, a bark was heard in the distance.
Luckily, the next day we left
Amantaeva.

Varying degrees of confidence (more or less)

undoubtedly, probably, obviously,
it seems, probably, obviously, perhaps,
certainly, indisputably, perhaps, apparently
apparently, etc.
Of course, all this was thought childishly.
Dad will probably go to the hero now
Gottlieb may be ordered to harness
Gnedko.

Message source

according to (someone's) message, in my opinion, in
in your opinion, in (someone's) opinion
words (of someone)
According to information from reliable
sources, floods this year on the rivers
there won't be.
I got tanned like a blackamoor and went wild, basically
in the words of all our friends.

The order of thoughts and their connections

firstly, secondly, thirdly,
finally, therefore, therefore,
for example, on the contrary, by the way,
therefore, by the way, in addition, etc.
I didn't like the river, first of all.
because everything is overgrown from the banks
reeds, so that the water was not visible,
and secondly, because there was water in it
bitter. However, the bitterness of the water is not
had a bad effect on fish.

Notes on ways to formulate thoughts

in a word, in other words, if possible
so to speak, so to speak,
so to speak, etc.
The year, in a word, was not lived in vain.
In my spare time I gave free rein to my
imagination, or better said,
consideration. (Ax.)

An appeal to the interlocutor in order to attract his attention to what is being communicated

imagine, do you believe, do you know,
Do you understand, listen, have mercy,
please tell me, etc.
Imagine a door opens and
Masha runs in! And from where, tell me
mercy, got it!

Introductory sentences are used in the same function as introductory words. Introductory sentences can be impersonal, vaguely personal

Introductory sentences are used in the same
functions as introductory words. Introductory
sentences may be impersonal,
indefinitely personal or two-part:
Time seemed to stand still.
As they said, there must be some
number of minks, otters and foxes.
In this way, it is believed, it is possible to quickly and
carry more load.
The hired yard, as already said,
was a complete wasteland,
littered with all kinds of heaps.

10. Pay attention!

Are not introductory and do not stand out
words and phrases separated by commas:
supposedly, as if, even, hardly, suddenly,
literally, as if, after all, it’s unlikely, after all, just, besides, by decision, by
representation, therefore, in addition, in
ultimately, I suppose, as if

11. Word however

if it is in the middle or at the end
sentences are introductory and
separated by commas. At the beginning
sentences it has the meaning of a conjunction
but is not introductory either:
However, we had to wait for you for a long time.
You're late, though.
However (=but) he never received the letter.

12. Word however

The snow is over
however the clouds are still there
hung low over
quiet city.

13. The word is finally

indicates a connection of thoughts and concludes
enumeration and it can be replaced by the expression “and
more":
A.P. Chekhov was a playwright, short story writer and, finally,
a model of self-education.
The word finally is not introductory and does not stand out
commas if used in the meaning “under
the end”, “finally”, “as a result of everything”. IN
In such cases we can finally add to the word
a particle:
He waited a long time for a call from the school, did not sleep, was nervous
and finally waited.

14. The word in general

is introductory and is separated by commas,
if used in the sense of “in general
saying":
Actually, I'd like to hear this
story from your mouth.
If "in general" has any meaning at all,
“always”, “at all”, “in general”, “never
under what conditions”, “in all respects”, then
it doesn't stand out:
Don't wait for me at all. From invitation
I completely refused yours. For similar
He generally punished actions strictly.

15. The word means

is introductory and is separated by commas if
it can be replaced with the words “therefore”
"hence":
You rarely sit at homework, which means it’s unlikely
should wait good results. You mean
Didn't make it to the train?
If means replace with the word means or it
stands between the subject and the predicate, then it
not separated by commas:
Your kind attitude towards my children means
a lot for me.
To answer rudely means to show your
bad manners.

16.

Words actually, more precisely, rather, more accurately
are introductory if after them
you can put the word saying:
What exactly do you need from me?
This, more precisely, was at the end of the past
centuries.

17. Features of punctuation marks for introductory words.

18.

Between adjacent introductory words
a comma is added:
True, according to your friend, you led
not in the best way.
If the input combination is
incomplete construction, then instead of one
a comma is followed by a dash
According to intelligence officers, the enemies settled in
small town, in my opinion - they are moving to ours
side.

19.

If the introductory word is a word (one word)
comes after homogeneous members before
generalizing, then a dash is placed in front of it, and
after it there is a comma
Mountaineering, skiing, swimming, tennis
- in a word, he was attracted by a lot.

20.

Between the coordinating conjunction and the introductory one
a word is put with a comma if the introductory
the word can be omitted. If this
impossible, then no comma is used
And by the way, I have already prepared dinner.
Not a year, but maybe ten years lived
Ivan Georgievich in one night.
The first frosts began, and
therefore, talk about river rafting is already
didn't behave.

21. Punctuation marks in introductory sentences

22. Commas highlight introductory sentences in the following cases:

1) If they are impersonal or
vague-personal: Missing
detachment, it seems to me that we need to look for
another side of the mountain. Her temperament, they assured
me, stopped even the ardent
fans.
2) If they are personal, undistributed
sentences: Rain, I think, soon
will end. The diploma, he believed, would open
doors in new world creativity.

23. Commas highlight introductory sentences in the following cases:

3) If they begin with conjunctions or
in allied words: Against the very gates,
on the wall hung an image of Nicholas
The miracle worker, as Kovlyaga told me. I
I got so excited, so excited,
as Yevseich said, I was shaking
arms and legs. It's time for mine
fishing, as Yevseich predicted.

24. Difference between introductory words and sentence members

It must be remembered that in some cases
introductory words can be omitted, and the meaning of the sentence
will not change:
The beavers probably decided that they were in complete
security - the introductory word can truly be omitted.
She did the right thing - in this case the word is true
cannot be lowered;
introductory words can be replaced with others similar in
meaning:
Beavers, right (obviously, probably, probably),
They decided that they were completely safe.
She did the right thing (i.e. right).

25.

introductory words can be replaced with others,
close in meaning:
The snow has probably stopped, but the clouds
still hung low over the silent
city.

26. Place punctuation marks, indicate all numbers in the place of which there should be commas.

When (1) finally (2) the sun appeared and
warmed up the earth, then the trees and grass
drenched in such heavy dew, such
looked out from the dark with luminous patterns
forest branches of fir trees, which (3) seemed (4) to this
the finishing wouldn't be enough diamonds all over
our land.

27. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

If the Moon's orbit is in any way
reasons (1) after all (2) to move away from
Earth at a short distance, then (3)
astronomers' opinion (4) of life on the planet
disaster threatens.

28. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

Cheerful, carefree childhood (1) anyway
(2) will end someday, and the adult
life (3) of course (4) will require serious
decisions and responsible actions.

29. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

On the one hand (1) they were silent
mountains, on the other side (2) the sea was noisy. WITH
on the one hand (3) cars are useful, and
(4) on the other hand (5) everyone knows that
the harm they cause to the environment
environment.

30. Place punctuation marks, indicate all numbers in the place of which there should be commas.

Makes animals in the forest wary (1
there must be (2) even the rustle of falling
leaves. Outlines of a house under construction (3)
seemed (4) like a ship.

31. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

It was assumed that the President of the Russian Federation
will talk to the ambassador for an hour (1)
however (2) the conversation dragged on. Minister (3)
however (4) signed an order regarding
which has been needed for so long
spoke in society.

When a sentence is written on the board and all spellings in words are explained, the student usually begins to perform oral punctuation analysis.

How to do it correctly? In what order should we name the conditions for placing punctuation marks? These and many other questions are relevant for middle and high schools.

Punctuation analysis differs significantly from syntactic analysis, which is familiar to schoolchildren symbol under the number 4. It is unacceptable to confuse them! Target parsing– characteristics of the sentence, its structure and meaning.

Why is punctuation analysis needed? It helps to apply punctograms, find the boundaries of semantic segments, and follow the rules of punctuation. Sentences that are already punctuated are suitable for analysis. To complicate the analysis, the teacher offers texts with missing punctuation marks.

When performing punctuation analysis, they pay attention to the structure of the sentence. It is not only the presence of the main and minor members, the number of grammatical bases and parts of a sentence, it is also important to determine the ways of expressing the minor members of the sentence and their order, find out intonation features offers.

Here are two proposals, let's analyze them.

1) Seryozha and Petya met one day in the yard, shoveled snow on a bench and sat down. 2) What can be done?

In the first declarative sentence, only two characters are used: a comma, separating homogeneous predicates, and a period. The second has only one question mark because there is a question word at the beginning of the sentence.

When there are no punctuation marks inside a sentence, do you need to pay attention to it? Yes, it is necessary to clarify the conditions for the absence of signs. Let's look at an example.

Aunt Tanya treated the skates as a family heirloom.

In this sentence, except for the period, there is no sign inside. But it was possible to mistakenly place a comma before the conjunction HOW. Why wasn't the sign put up? Because there is a condition that prohibits a comma: the semantic segment AS TO A FAMILY HEIRLIC has the meaning “as a quality.”

The punctuation analysis plan involves only a few points. This analysis is usually performed orally, therefore, for the convenience of a written description, we number all punctuation marks and explain their placement. We took all sentences for examples from the works of Lyudmila Ulitskaya.

SAMPLE PUNCTUATION PROCEDURE

I. Place of punctogram (end of sentence, simple sentence, complex sentence): punctuation marks are numbered.

II. Terms punctuation norm(rules for placing/not placing punctuation marks).

III. Punctuation function.

AN EXAMPLE OF PUNCTUATION EXAMPLE

Example 1.

The birch and aspen trees set on fire in the fall brought bright colors into the eyes.1

1 is a completion sign in a simple declarative sentence.

Explanation: there is no comma between homogeneous subjects connected by a single conjunction AND, there is no comma after the participial phrase BURNED IN AUTUMN, standing before the attributive word BIRCH AND ASPEN.

Example 2.

Skating was,1 of course,2 the number one event during those holidays.3

1 and 2 - commas highlight the introductory word with the meaning of confidence,

Example 3.

On the ninth of January,1 at the end of the holidays,2 we celebrated Sanya’s birthday.3

1 and 2 - commas highlight a clarifying member of the sentence, expressed by circumstance time,

3 is a sign of completion in a simple declarative sentence.

Example 4.

Anna Alexandrovna called girls 1 “young ladies” 2,3 boys 4 “young people” 5...6

1, 2 and 4, 5 - the character’s statements are highlighted in quotation marks (a way of formatting someone else’s speech),

3 - a comma separates homogeneous complements,

6 - a sign of completion in a simple narrative sentence (the ellipsis indicates the incompleteness of the statement).

Example 5.

Everything around seemed unusually clear and unprecedentedly beautiful: 1 and white birch trunks, 2 and bright leaves, 3 and pale blue, 4 like a faded sky.5

1 - we place a colon in front of a series of homogeneous members, since there is a generalizing word ALL,

2, 3 - commas separate homogeneous subjects connected by repeating conjunctions.

4 - comma highlights comparative turnover with the union AS IT IS,

5 is a sign of completion in a simple declarative sentence.

Example 6.

One morning, 1 going out into the yard, 2 Sergei saw the roof of the barn, white with frost, 3 graying earth, 4 caught by frost, 5 hardened grass, 6 covered with rare snow, 7 like salt.8

1, 2 - commas highlight isolated circumstance, expressed dee participial phrase GOING OUTSIDE THE YARD,

3, 5 - commas separate homogeneous complements,

4, 5 - comma highlights isolated definition, expressed by the participial phrase PICKED BY FROST, after the defined word EARTH,

6, 7 - a comma identifies a separate definition, expressed by the participial phrase COVERED WITH RARE SNOW, after the word being defined GRASS,

7 - a comma highlights a comparative phrase with the conjunction LIKE,

8 is a sign of completion in a simple narrative sentence.

Example 7.

Poetry -1 is the heart of literature,2 the highest concentration of all the best3 that exists in the world and in man.4

1 - a dash separates the subject and predicate, expressed by a noun in the Nominal case,

2 - a comma separates homogeneous predicates,

3 - a comma separates the subordinate clause complex sentence from the main one,

4 is a sign of completion in a simple declarative sentence.

Explanation: there is no comma between homogeneous terms connected by a single conjunction I.

Example 8.

The beauty of the land disturbed Sergei’s heart,1 reminded him of past days,2 so vividly imprinted in his memory.3

1 - a comma in the middle of a simple sentence separates homogeneous predicates,

2 - a comma highlights a separate definition, expressed by the participial phrase SO BRIGHTLY IMPRINTED IN THE MEMORY, after the word being defined DAYS,

3 - point completes declarative sentence.

Example 9.

The trees ended at the level of the fifth floor,1 from the balcony only the finely curly tops of two ash trees were visible,2 and the ground beneath them was barely visible.3

1 - a comma in the middle separates parts of a complex sentence (non-conjunction connection),

2 - a comma separates parts of a complex sentence (coordinating connection),

3 - a period completes a declarative complex sentence.

Example 10.

There was such silence in the forest1 that the chirping of tits2 jumping on the branches3 seemed unusually loud.4

1 - a comma in the middle separates parts of a complex sentence (subordinate connection),

2 and 3 - paired commas highlight a separate definition in the subordinate part of a complex sentence, expressed by the participial phrase JUMPING ON THE BRANCHES, after the word being defined, TITS,

4 - a period completes a declarative complex sentence.

Some sentences may contain several punctuation marks, and in this case you need to decide in what sequence to do the punctuation analysis. It is logical to go from the end to those punctuation marks that are inside the sentence. But a sequential approach is also possible - according to the order of the signs.

Literature

1. Bednarskaya L.D. Classification of spelling and punctuation errors made by students in written works / Russian language at school. - 2008. - No. 8.

2. Blinov G.I. Punctuation analysis / Russian at school. - 1985. - No. 3.

3. Nikerov A.I. About complete punctuation analysis in Russian language lessons / Russian language at school. - 1989. - No. 6.

Found in the analyzed. Traditionally, they are grouped as emphasizing and separating signs. The first group of signs (emphasizing) serves to indicate the boundaries of a syntactic structure introduced into a sentence to explain its members. It can also be used to semantically highlight any part syntactic unit and to limit constructions that are grammatically unrelated to other members (for example, addresses, introductory words). This group includes paired signs: two commas, brackets, quotation marks, two dashes. The second group of signs serves to distinguish independent sentences, or simple sentences as part of a complex sentence, or members. Suggestion marks also belong to this group. The period, question and exclamation marks, colon, dash, ellipsis and dot c form a group of separating characters.

Begin your punctuation by explaining your punctuation choices in . To do this, determine what the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement. If it contains , then it is a declarative sentence, a question is interrogative, a call to action (a request or an order) is incentive. Also, consider emotional character offers. If there is an exclamatory intonation, an exclamation mark is placed at the end; if a break in speech or understatement is indicated, an ellipsis is used.

Determine which syntactic structure is being analyzed, simple or complex. In a complex sentence, “count” the number of parts and determine the type of connection between them: subordinating, coordinating or non-union. Thus explain the choice of secession signs.

Determine what type of signs occur within a simple sentence or each syntactic unit within a complex sentence. To do this, find out what structures are used by the author to convey additional semantic shades. Thus, explain the choice of highlighting characters (for detached members sentences) and separating ones (for example, for series of homogeneous members).

Useful advice

Do a punctuation analysis of the sentence using the example.

I looked and couldn’t tear myself away; these silent lightnings, these restrained brilliances seemed to respond to those silent and secret impulses that also flared up in me. (I.S. Turgenev).

There is a period at the end of the sentence, because... this sentence contains a complete message and is narrative in purpose and non-exclamatory in intonation.

This is a complex sentence made up of three simple ones. Between the first and second there is a non-union connection, between the second and third there is a subordinating connection. A semicolon is used in a non-union connection, because the second and third sentences represent a single semantic whole. A comma is used to separate a subordinate clause definitive sentence from the main one.

Inside the second sentence there is a separating sign - a comma, which is used when listing homogeneous subjects. There is also a construction that is grammatically unrelated to other parts of the sentence - an introductory word, distinguished by paired signs - two commas.