Good afternoon, dear student! My students and I began to study perhaps one of the most complex topics in the Russian language - verbs and their tenses. The fact is that in some languages ​​of the world there are only a few tenses, but in Russian there are 3 of them - the past tense, the present and the future. In order to correctly understand and use them in your speech and writing, let’s look at all three tenses in more detail.

Present tense

Present tense verbs in Russian mean a real action that occurs in at the moment, now, moreover, they can be conjugated, i.e. change your shape. Verbs in the present tense are among the most inflected verbs, and in an imperfect form, it should be noted that verbs perfect form There is no present time, because the action has already been completed!

Present tense verbs in Russian answer the question: what does he do? For example,

Kate in a hurry to study Kate is in hurry on her way to work.

What is Katya doing? - she is in a hurry - she is now, at the moment she is in a hurry, which means the time is present.

Every a week parents are going to the dacha Every week parents go to dacha.

What are parents doing? - they are going, every a week shows us that the action occurs regularly, that is, in the present tense. Please always pay attention to keywords, they can serve as a hint for you which time to use at one time or another.

In the present tense form, the endings in the conjugation depend on their conjugation. If you have forgotten what conjugation is and whether it is worth learning it, I recommend reading this topic. It will help you understand the difficulties when using present tense verbs.

Future tense

Very often my students get confused and don’t understand why there are so many tenses in the future. different verbs and how to remember all this. The fact is that the future tense in Russian shows us that the action has not taken place, we are planning to do something in the future, no matter whether it is near or far. Future tense verbs answer the questions:

What will you do? What are we going to do? What will we do? What will you do? For example:

When will they start holidays, I I'll go to Moscow I will go to Moscow, when the holidays will come.

What will the holidays do? - will begin, they have not yet begun, this time has not come, which means we understand that the conversation is about the future time.

What will I do? - I’ll go, the person is not going anywhere yet, but he is already planning his trip to Moscow, which means we are talking about the future tense.

In Russian, there are two types of future tense; for example, you can find the following verb:

I I'll draw this picture and I'll give it to you to mom I will draw this picture and will present it to my Mom. What will I do? - I’ll draw it and give it to you as a gift

But you can also see this phrase, and it will also be in the future tense:

I am going to draw this picture tomorrow and will present it to my Mom.

What will I do? - I will draw, the action did not happen, he plans to do it, therefore this is the future tense.

But how then can you figure out which form should be used in a particular case? The fact is that verbs of the future tense can be simple and complex. Simple verbs in the future are formed from perfective verbs (which answer the questions what will I do? What will you do?)

I’ll paint, clean, carry, say, sing- they all answer perfect questions. Where characteristic feature A way to help you remember this form is to add the letter -c at the beginning of the question:

What will I do? I'll clean it up

Complex verbs of the future tense are formed from verbs imperfect form using a verb be+ the infinitive or the initial form of the verb - this is the form that is in the dictionary, open the Russian dictionary and see that the verb: I guessed right is in the infinitive form: guess.

Let's look at examples with complex verbs:

Ivan is going to watch a serial every day, as he is planning to pass the Russian language exam.

Verb " be" in turn changes according to persons:

I will (paint)
You will (paint)
They will (paint)
He/She will (paint)
We will (paint)
You will (paint)

Verbs in the future tense change according to persons and numbers, but genus it is impossible to determine in the future tense!
There are a number of verbs that do not form the 1st person singular form. Here are some of them:

Win To win
To convince
To feel
To find oneself in

When used, the word changes completely in the future tense, for example:

I can find myself in.. I will find myself in..
I can be convinced - I want to be convinced I want to convince
I can win - I will become the winner [Ya stanu pabeditelem] I will be the winner

Past tense

In previous articles I have already written about verb tenses, here I want to note only the main features that we did not touch on in initial stage. Let's remember that the past tense answers the questions: what did you do? What did you do? What did you do? What did you do?

Basically, past tense verbs are formed from the infinitive form of the verb (which is in the dictionary) and adding the suffix -l, for example:

Clean - clean L(what did you do?) to clean - was cleaning

Watch - look L(what did you do?) to look - looked

Knowing this rule, you will already have a hint and you will be able to form the past tense verb without problems. Depending on the gender, one or another ending may appear at the end:

Looked - looked - looked He looked- she looked- they looked

But there are verbs that are formed in the past form not according to this rule, for example, without adding the suffix -l in the masculine gender:

Carry - carried (masculine, past tense) to carry - was carrying, but in other forms of the gender: carried, carried they were carying, she was carrying.

When there is alternation in a word (when letters replace each other), for example, when forming the past form, the letters ch//g, ch//k can alternate in those verbs that end in -ch:

Stere whose- stereg (masculine gender, past tense: what did you do?) to watch over - was watching over, but in the feminine and plural the ending is added depending on the person: steregla, steregli she was watching over, they were watching over.

Please remember that we cannot determine the person of past tense verbs, only gender and number.

It’s not for nothing that our ancestors basically called speech “verb”; this word is also interpreted in V. Dahl’s dictionary. We will look at examples of verbs, their use and modification in this article.

Verb as part of speech

The part of speech that denotes an action and answers the questions “what to do?”, “What to do?” is a verb. Relating to independent parts of speech, it is determined by the general grammatical meaning.

For a verb, this is an action. However, this part of speech differs in shades of meaning.

1. Any physical labor: cutting, chopping, knitting.
2. Intellectual or speech work: observe, speak, think.
3. Moving an object in space: fly, run, sit.
4. Subject's state: hate, be sick, sleep.
5. State of nature: cold, frozen, evening.

Morphological and syntactic features

Regarding morphological characteristics- we will analyze these various examples in detail later, but for now we will simply list them. Mood, person, tense, number, reflexivity, gender, aspect and conjugation.

As for the verb, most often it is used as a predicate; together with the subject, it forms a predicative or grammatical basis. The verb in a sentence can be extended. This function is performed by a noun or adverb.

Infinitive

Every verb has an initial form, which is called the infinitive. We ask the following questions: “what to do?”, “what to do?”. Examples indefinite verbs: teach, draw (what to do?), learn, draw (what to do?).

The verb is unchangeable; time, person and number are not determined by it - purely action. Let’s compare two examples: “I work in my specialty” - “A person needs to work for life.” In the first example, the verb indicates that the action occurs in the present tense, and the speaker himself performs it (the personal pronoun “I” indicates 1 person, singular). In the second, the action is indicated in principle, without indicating the number or person.

There is still debate among linguist scientists about what is the -t(s) of the infinitive: a suffix or an ending. In this article, we agree with those who position it as inflection. If the verb ends in -ch (flow, bake, burn), then this is definitely part of the root. It should be taken into account that when a word changes, alternation may occur: oven-bake; leak-flow; burn-burn.

The infinitive can act both as a predicate and as a subject: “To read is to know a lot.” Here the first verb, “read,” is the subject, the second, “know,” is the predicate. By the way, such cases require a special punctuation mark - a dash.

Types of verb

The type of verb is determined by the question it answers. In the Russian language there are imperfect (what to do? What is he doing? What did he do?) and perfect (what to do? What will he do? What did he do?) types of verbs. Examples: speak, says, spoke - imperfect; say, say, said - perfect.

The types of verb differ in semantic meaning. Thus, imperfect denotes a certain duration of action, its repetition. For example: to write - I am writing. An action has a duration, an extension. Let’s compare it with the meaning of the perfective verb: write - I’ll write - I wrote. This indicates that the action is completed and has some result. The same verbs determine the one-time action (shoot).

Form of inclination

Verbs also change according to mood. There are only three of them: conditional (subjunctive), indicative and imperative.

If we talk about the indicative mood, then it allows the predicate to have the form of tense, person and number. Examples of verbs of this mood: “We are making this craft” (present tense) - “We will make this craft” (future tense) - “We were making this craft” Or by person: “I made this craft” (1st person) - “You made this craft" (2nd person) - "Anya made this craft" (3rd person).

Subjunctive verbs indicate the execution of an action under certain conditions. This form is formed by adding the particle “would” (“b”) to the past tense, which is always written separately. Such predicates are modified by persons and numbers. The time category is not determined. Examples of verbs: “We would solve this problem with the help of a teacher” (plural, 1st person) - “I would make this craft with the help of a teacher” (singular, 1st person) - “Anya would make this craft with with the help of the teacher" (singular, 3rd person) - "The guys would make this craft with the help of the teacher" (plural, 3rd person).

The speaker encourages some action with the help of a verb. Imperative verbs are also used to prohibit an action. Examples: "Don't yell at me!" (prohibition) - “Wash your hands before eating!” (impulse) - “Please write a letter” (request). Let's look at the last example in more detail. To give your request a polite tone, to the verb imperative mood It’s worth adding the word “please” (“be kind”, “be kind”).

It should be remembered that imperative verbs end in and it is preserved for those that end in -sya and -te. There is an exception to this rule - the verb “lie down” (lie down - lie down - lie down).

The past tense implies that at the time of speaking the action has already completed. For example: “I bought this dress last year.” Typically, such verbs are formed using the suffix -l- added to the base of the infinitive: buy - bought. These predicates vary in numbers, and in units. number - and by birth. The shape of the face is not determined.

The present tense form is characteristic exclusively of the imperfect form. To form it, you need to add verbs. Examples: mine - wash - washes - mine - wash.

Verbs of both types, perfect and imperfect, can have the future tense form. It comes in two types: simple and complex. The first is typical for perfective verbs: I will build, I will glue, I will saw, etc. The future complex is formed by imperfective verbs. Let's compare: I will build, I will glue, I will saw. Thus, this form is formed with the help of the verb “to be”, placed in the future simple, and the infinitive.

In the present and future tenses, verbs have person and number. We'll talk about them below.

Person and number

If the verb is in the first person, it shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself. For example: “I harden myself every day by dousing myself with cold water and wiping myself with snow.”

The second person of the verb will tell us that the action is being performed by the speaker’s interlocutor. For example: “You know perfectly well how much two and two are.” Verbs in the same form can have a generalized meaning and denote actions characteristic of any person. Most often this can be found in proverbs: “You can’t put a scarf over someone else’s mouth.” It is easy to distinguish such sentences: as a rule, they lack a subject.

Verbs in the third person express an action that the subject of speech produces or performed. "Lermontov was lonely all his life." “The hurricane was so strong that hundred-year-old trees were bent like twigs.”

Each person in singular or is characterized by a certain ending of verbs. Examples: “I am flying” - “We are flying” - “You are flying” - “You are flying” - “She (he, it) is flying” - “They are flying.”

Conjugation and personal verb endings

Conjugation of a verb is a form that implies its change in persons and numbers. It is not typical for all predicates, but only for those that are in the indicative mood, present or future tense.

There are two conjugations in total. Let's present them in a table.

	I conjugation All verbs except those in -it, plus 2 exceptions: shave, lay		II conjugation (endings) Verbs in -it, except shave, lay (they belong to the I conjugation), as well as drive, hold, look, see, breathe, hear, hate, depend, endure, offend, twirl		Examples of verbs
					We carry (I); talking (II)
					Carry, carry (I); speak, speak (II)
					Carries, carries (I); speaks, speaks (II)

Impersonal verbs

Personal verbs, examples of which we examined above, are not the only ones in the Russian language. They are opposed to those that denote an action without an actor. That's what they're called - impersonal.

They never have a subject; in a sentence they act as a predicate. Such verbs do not have the category of number. That is, they define purely time, present and future. For example: “It’s getting colder” (present time) - “It will freeze even more at night” (future), “It was cold. It froze even more at night” (past).

“The word “verb” - what part of speech?”, “What is a verb?”, “Why is it necessary in the Russian language?” - questions often asked not only by foreigners, but also by Russian speakers. It is not difficult to answer them, but for this you will have to study large number information.

The verb as a part of speech in the Russian language is considered one of its main components. Without it, it is almost impossible to compose a complete sentence. Despite the fact that the ideal time to study verb parsing as a part of speech is 3rd grade, many adults acquire the desire and opportunity to learn the Russian language too late, and they have to start with the basics already in adulthood.

In addition to the obvious disadvantages (you have to learn grammar from scratch instead of building your literacy around existing knowledge), this model of learning also has advantages: an adult - and this article was created specifically for adults, and not for third-graders - can explain much more useful and interesting.

General information

A verb is a part of speech that denotes the action of an object or phenomenon. It answers the questions “What should I do?” and “What to do?”, and in a sentence it functions as a predicate, subject, or, in rare cases, minor member. Take, for example, the following sentence: “To hurry is to make people laugh.”

The first verb in it, “to hurry,” is the subject, and the second, “to make fun of,” is the predicate.

Using verbs in a sentence or text, any action, event, phenomenon is expressed, dynamics and changes are conveyed. An abundance of verbs is characteristic of a narrative text, rich in frequently changing events.

Infinitive

An infinitive is an infinitive form of a verb. She is also called initial form. Sometimes it’s also a dictionary one, because it’s what’s listed in explanatory, spelling and other dictionaries. Previously, the infinitive was called the indefinite mood of the verb, but today this term has completely fallen out of use.

Most often, the infinitive is formed by adding the suffix “-т” to the root of the word. For example: read, draw, solve, surprise, give, take.

Words whose roots end in consonants most often have the suffix “-ti”: grow, go, graze, shake.

Words with a stem ending in “-g” or “-k” change the most. The last letter of the root and the first letter of the suffix seem to merge, forming “-ch-”. For example, in the following verbs: mogu - can, teku - to flow, peku - oven, strigu - to cut.

Verb signs

A verb as a part of speech has a certain set of characteristics. Knowing these signs helps a lot in spelling. Without them, it is also impossible to parse the verb as a part of speech or simply give the word grammatical characteristics. Here they are full list:

1. Face.
2. Number.
3. Time.
4. Mood.
5. Pledge.
6. Conjugation.
7. Returnability.

Some of these features are unchangeable: aspect, conjugation, reflexivity. Others may change during the conjugation process. Each of these signs will be explained in detail later in the article. To know how to parse a verb as a part of speech, you need to understand and distinguish all these signs. It is more convenient and efficient to disassemble them separately and in order.

Face

A verb as a part of speech can exist in the first, second and third person.

Face	Explanation	Examples
First	First person implies that the action is performed by the speaker or speakers or on the speaker or speakers. Verbs in the first person are combined with the pronouns “I” and/or “we”.	I write, read, draw, teach, work, make friends.
Second	The second person is used when an action is performed by the addressee or addressees of the remark. Verbs in the second person are combined with the pronouns “you” and/or “you”.	You write, read, draw, teach, work, make friends.
Third	Third person is used when it is meant that an action is performed by a person or object not participating in the conversation, by someone else or strangers. Verbs in the third person are combined with the pronouns “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”.	Writes, reads, draws, teaches, works, makes friends.

The person of a verb cannot be determined if it is used in the past tense form, since there is absolutely no difference between the forms in different persons: I read, you read, he read.

Number

The number of a verb as a part of speech can be either singular or plural.

The number of a verb can be determined in any tense, since the difference between the singular and plural always saved.

Time

In Russian, like in any other language, there are three tenses: past, present and future. In the past and future tenses, there are two types of tense forms: perfect and imperfect.

Time	Explanation	Example
Past perfect	Describes an action that was started and completed in the past	Yesterday I read a very interesting story
Past imperfect	Describes an action that was started but not completed in the past	Last year I did a lot of photography
Present	Describes an action currently happening	The political situation in the world is becoming increasingly calm
Future perfect	Describes an action that will begin and end (or just end) in the future	The office worker will finish the report by nine o'clock in the evening
Future imperfect	It is also called complex future tense. Describes an action that will begin in the future, but it is unknown when it will be completed or whether it will be completed at all.

It is quite easy to distinguish one or another tense form of a verb in Russian. In all times and numbers, the differences between them are preserved.

Mood

A verb as a part of speech can exist in three moods: indicative, conditional and imperative.

Only indicative mood allows you to use all possible persons, numbers and verb tenses. IN conditional mood Only the past tense is possible, and in the imperative - only the second person.

View

This topic has already been indirectly touched upon before, but only briefly, in a nutshell: verbs as parts of speech can be perfect and imperfect. If we look at this topic in more detail, we can find out the following.

There are also verbs that belong to both types at once. For example, the verb “promise”. “What did you do?” - “promised.” “Did what?” - also “promised”.

Genus

A verb as a part of speech in Russian can be feminine, masculine or neuter.

The gender of a verb can only be determined if it is used in the third person singular form of the past tense. In the present and future tense it is impossible to determine the gender: he does, she does, it does.

Pledge

In Russian there is an active and passive voice.

It is believed that the passive voice is a cumbersome, heavy construction. Unless its use is necessary and cannot be replaced by the active voice, it is best avoided, especially when working on a work of art.

Conjugation

In Russian, verbs can be of the first or second conjugation. Each of them has certain grammatical features and serves to use the correct verb endings. There are also fewer problems with parsing a verb as a part of speech if its conjugation is known. It is determined by the ending: “-it” is the second conjugation, everything else is the first, with rare exceptions.

Repayment

Reflexive verbs in Russian they contain the postfix “-sya” or “-sya” and imply that a person, object or phenomenon performs an action on itself: wash, smile, rejoice, get dressed, wake up, comb your hair, get acquainted, like, seem.

Non-reflexive verbs, on the contrary, do not imply an action performed on actor, phenomenon or object.

The Russian language is quite difficult to learn. After all, many features, rules and exceptions to them can confuse and make you think about issues related to the emergence of certain linguistic processes. A rather difficult issue in learning the Russian language is the verb. For those who want to know what verbs there are in Russian and how to correctly use them in colloquial speech and in writing, this article was created. It is worth considering that it is impossible to give a definite answer about the characteristics of verbs, since they have different qualities and features. All this is taken into account by various classifications. Let's look at them and talk about what verbs there are.

Types of verbs

The type of verb shows how the action occurs in time. The classification based on this characteristic of the verb distinguishes between the perfect and imperfect types of the verb.

• Perfect verbs answer the question “What to do?” and serve to indicate the completion of the action (read). Based on their characteristics, such verbs are designed to describe facts, something that has already happened or has reached a certain limit (The long-awaited spring has arrived, the birds have returned from the south).
• Verbs belonging to the imperfective group answer the question “What to do?” and indicate the procedural nature of the action (read). Examples of verbs of this type indicate processes that are repeated, and in general the process itself as an action (It was cold, winter was coming).

Often, a prefix allows you to translate a verb from one aspect to another, which forms an aspectual pair (read - read).

Verb moods

The question of what verbs there are in the subject of mood is also interesting. This feature of the verb indicates how the action relates to reality.

• Based on this, the indicative mood is distinguished, which is closely related to the category of time, so the action is expressed in the past, present and future. Indicators of this mood are suffixes and personal endings (stood, stood, stood, stand, will stand).
• Imperative verbs encourage action. Their peculiarity is their inability to change from time to time (stop, sing, let's begin).
• The subjunctive mood of verbs indicates the condition under which an action can take place. The indicator of this inclination is the particle would (If it had not rained, we would have gone for a walk).

Verb tenses

Depending on the temporal characteristics, it is worth paying attention to what verbs are in this case.

• Past tense verbs indicate that the action occurred before the moment of speech, it has already taken place (the girl picked a flower). The indicator here is the past tense suffixes.
• The present tense can only be determined with imperfective verbs, and it is expressed by personal endings (I’m standing, standing, standing, standing, standing).
• Future tense verbs indicate the probability, the possibility of performing an action after the moment of speech (Tomorrow I will fly to hot air balloon). It is worth considering that in the Russian language the categories of time and aspect are intertwined quite closely.

Verb conjugations

A very important category of a verb is conjugation. Thanks to conjugation, verbs can change according to persons and numbers. Indicative in this category are personal endings. To determine the conjugation, you should pay attention to the ending of the verb (you are sick - I conjugation, you are driving - II conjugation) and the type of infinitive (to be sick - I conjugation, driving - II conjugation). Special in this regard are verbs in which one part of the personal endings is an indicator of the first conjugation, and the other - the second. These are multi-conjugated verbs, examples of which are the words want, run, read and all their derivatives.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes a process and expresses this meaning in the categories of aspect, voice, mood, tense and person; the verb also has the categories of number and - in past forms. vr. and the subjunctive mood - the category of gender.

The meaning of process is characteristic of all verbs, regardless of their lexical meaning. The verb represents both a process (procedural feature) and actions (run, load, dig), and states (lying, sleeping, suffering), and relationships (have, prevail, belong).

Note. When determining the meaning of a verb as a part of speech, you can use the concepts of “process” and “action”. In this case, the concept of “action” is interpreted in a grammatically generalized sense (as opposed to the more specific content of the concept of “action”, when the difference between an active action and a passive state is meant).

The verb has the following classes of forms:

1) conjugated forms, i.e., representing changes in the verb according to persons, tenses, moods, numbers and (in the past tense and subjunctive) gender;

2) infinitive;

3) participles and gerunds.

The morphological categories of the verb differ in the composition of the forms they cover. The categories of aspect and voice are inherent in all forms of the verb, including participles and gerunds. The remaining morphological categories of the verb are inherent only in certain classes of forms.

The category of time is inherent only in expressive forms. nakl., but absent in the forms of subjunctive. and command. incl. (participles and gerunds have a specific characteristic from the point of view of the category of time). The category of face is characteristic of expressive forms. incl. (except for past tense forms) and command forms. incl. They do not have the category of persons of the form soslagat. incl., infinitive, participles and gerunds.

The category of number is characteristic of all forms of the verb, except for the infinitive forms and gerunds. The category of genus is inherent - in units. h. - only past forms. vr. and they will compose. on; in participles the category of gender refers to those morphological categories, which connect participles with adjectives.

Russian grammar.