A sentence is called which consists of two syntactically unequal parts: main part(head part) - basic and independent, subordinate clause(contractual part) is subordinate to the main part. Parts complex sentence combined with the help of subordinating conjunctions, allied words, and also with the help of intonation.

The subordinate part is attached to the main part with the help of conjunctions and allied words, i.e. relative pronouns and adverbs acting as subordinating conjunctions who, what, which, how, when, where, whose, from where, where, so, as if, if, so that, because, although, while etc.

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words are found in the subordinate clause of a sentence.

The subordinate clause can refer to a specific word or phrase, to a grammatical stem, or to the entire main clause. You can pose a question from the main part to the subordinate part.

The subordinate part can be located before the main part, after and inside it: ( What), ; , (What); , (What). For example: When the bread , then the measure when the money, then there is faith (Proverb). It was already dawn when I finally fell asleep(V. Voinovich). The lion is creeping towards that stream, where herds of buffalo go to drink water every day, and hides between the stones (I. Kuprin).

A complex sentence can have two or more subordinate clauses : We have to study a lot to realize that you know little(M. Montaigne).

In the subordinate part of a complex sentence, you can provide additional information about the subject, person, event, you can indicate the cause, conditions, purpose of those events mentioned in the main sentence. Depending on this, three types of subordinate clauses are distinguished: explanatory(z "yasuvalni") definitive(meaning) circumstances (furnished) (place, time, purpose, cause, condition, concession, consequence, mode of action, measure and degree, comparison).

The subordinate clause is separated by commas in the middle of the main part (one comma if the subordinate clause is at the beginning or at the end complex sentence; two - if in the middle).

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words are identifying features of the “Commas in a complex sentence” rule.

To check, follow the algorithm: find the semantic segment, attached by a subordinating conjunction or allied word, and separate it with commas.

Plan for parsing a complex sentence

1. Determine the type of sentence based on the purpose of the statement and the emotional coloring.

2. Highlight (underline) the grammatical bases in each part of a complex sentence and indicate that the sentence complex.

3. Make sure that the parts of a complex sentence connect subordinating conjunction or allied word, indicate that the proposal is union, complex.

4. Name home And subordinate clause part, mark place subordinate part in relation to the main one.

5. From the main to the subordinate part, ask a question, indicate what clarifies, complements, what the subordinate part in the main indicates and indicate its type.

6. Analyze each part of a complex sentence according to the plan for parsing a complex sentence.

7. Make a diagram of a complex sentence.

1. Selective distribution work

I. Read the sentences selected from the work M. Lermontov, maintaining the correct intonation. Indicate the conjunction or allied word that attaches the subordinate clause to the main clause. In which part of a complex sentence is there always a conjunction or a conjunctive word?

II. First write down sentences in which the subordinate clause comes after the main clause, then sentences in which the subordinate clause comes before the main clause, and then inside the main clause. Place punctuation marks.

1. The old woman answered all my questions that she was deaf and couldn’t hear. 2. She felt an internal heat as if there was a red-hot iron in her chest. 3. When I woke up it was already dark in the yard. 4. The area on which we were supposed to fight depicted an almost regular triangle. 5. He throws his head back when he speaks and constantly twirls his mustache with his left hand. 6. I involuntarily took several steps forward to quickly move away from the edge. 7. Everything would have been saved if my horse had enough strength for another ten minutes! 8. I went to the fortress to find out from the commandant about the hour of my departure. 9. However, in those moments when he casts off his tragic mantle, Grushnitsky is quite sweet and funny.

3. Using the materials from the table “Types of subordinate parts”, determine the type of subordinate part. Do parsing third sentence.

2. Constructing sentences

Make sentences based on this beginning. From the main part to the subordinate part, ask a question, determine the type of subordinate part.

When determining the type of subordinate clause, errors may occur.

The place where our camp was located was in a picturesque corner of the island. In this sentence, the attributive clause, since it indicates a characteristic, can be asked a question: Place ( which?), where our camp was located, ... . What error could occur when determining the type of this part? What could have caused it?

When determining the type of subordinate part of a complex sentence, always ask a question about it, think about the question and the meaning of the subordinate part.

3. Explanatory letter

I. Write down the sentences, arranging punctuation marks. Underline the conjunction or allied word that joins the subordinate clause to the main clause. In which part of the sentence is there always a conjunction or a connecting word?

II. Using the advice given above and the materials from the table “Types of subordinate clauses,” determine the type of subordinate clause, indicating it in parentheses. Orally comment on what errors could occur when determining the type of subordinate clause and what could have caused them. How did you manage to avoid them?

1. Knowledge is only knowledge when it is acquired through the efforts of one’s thoughts and not through memory ( L. Tolstoy). 2. The last time he saw her was in the spring near the school where he himself once studied ( F. Iskander). 3. I didn’t know exactly where his house was located ( F. Iskander). 4. The snow and rain were so continuous that the other bank of the river was not visible ( E. Grishkovets). 5. It's sad to see a young man lose his best hopes and dreams ( M. Lermontov).

III. Analyze the third sentence.

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses explain in the main part a member of a sentence expressed by a noun or pronoun, answer questions Which? which? whose?.

Subordinate clauses are attached to the main part using allied words which, which, whose, where, where, when and subordinating conjunctions: what, to, as if, exactly as: Just in case, I opened the pantry, Where The cleaning lady was stacking firewood and laughed (V. Belov).

A conjunctive word that can be found not only at the beginning, but also in the middle of the subordinate clause: We approached the river, the right bank which overgrown with dense thorny bushes.

The attributive clause in a sentence always comes only after the word being defined.

To highlight the word being defined in the main part and in the sentence, demonstrative words can be used then, that, those, that, such.

For example: His (the artist’s) art grows along with the people he depicts (A. Tolstoy).

4. Restoring offers

I. Copy the sentences, replacing, where possible, the connecting word which union word where, when, where or What. First write down the sentences with participial phrase, then - sentences with dee participial phrase and offers with introductory words. Place punctuation marks.

II. Determine the type of subordinate parts of complex sentences. Analyze the fifth sentence.

1. On the left, behind the tangerine bushes, a garden began in which grew pears, figs and a pomegranate tree dotted with crimson helots ( F. Iskander). 2. His mother opened the door for him and, still smiling affectionately, led him into the room where his grandmother was sitting ( F. Iskander). 3. The sea quietly echoed the beginning of one of the ancient legends that may have been created on its shores ( Maxim Gorky). 4. She had to be saved, of course, by a handsome prince who would certainly appear at the most tragic moment and certainly under scarlet sails ( M. Yudenich). 5. We kept looking at the platform from which the bus was supposed to depart.

5. Punctuation work

Write down the sentences. Use commas to separate the subordinate clauses of complex sentences. Check the correct punctuation.

1. The windows of her room looked out onto a gorge street, the bottom of which turned out to be canal water shimmering with quartz ingots. 2. The bells of neighboring churches began to speak pitifully again, interrupting each other. They and San Marco were answered by an even roar against the background of which the upper bells splashed. 3. A trapezoid was pushed into the opening of the half-open window sunlight the upper corner of which touched the edge of the mirror cabinet. 4. She saw the front door of a neighboring house whose steps went straight into the water.

(D. Rubina)

The attributive clause must appear only after the word to which it refers.

6. Editing

Find errors in these sentences caused by incorrect placement of the subordinate clause. Write down the sentences in corrected form.

1. We looked for luminous points of satellites moving across the sky every evening, which looked like they were lost in space stars. 2. We admired the sunset of the southern sun, which was extremely beautiful. 3. Computer program helped me develop a project much faster, which I installed. 4. Mobile communications allows you to significantly increase the pace of life, which is widespread everywhere.

7. Mixed texts

I. This text is composed of two thematically similar texts (the first text by L. Ulitskaya, the second by T. Tolstoy). Read the texts, find their boundaries, based on some features of the author's styles and grammatical features of the texts.

II. Read the text by L. Ulitskaya expressively. Write out isolated definitions together with the qualifying word in front, verbally replace isolated definitions with a subordinate attributive with a conjunction which. Write a summary of the first text using the written materials.

Once upon a time they studied in the same class at the gymnasium, wore the same gray-blue uniform dresses, sewn by the best tailor in Kaluga, and wore the same gymnasium badges “KZhGS”. These openwork letters meant only the Kaluga Women's Gymnasium on Sadovaya.

Anya was an excellent student with a thick braid thrown over her shoulder; in her notebooks last page was no different from the first, especially beautiful and diligent. Asya did not have the same zeal for learning that Anya had: French verbs, endless palisades of dates and beautiful trinkets of theorems flew into one of her ears, half-covered by springy, randomly curly whitish hair, and while she drew a caricature of a history teacher with a finely sharpened pencil, flew out of another. Asya was a lively, cheerful and nice girl.

We were friends childhood. We once hurried through the same morning iron darkness, past the same snowdrifts, fences and swinging lanterns, to the same red brick school, surrounded on the outside by medallions with alabaster profiles of frostbitten literary classics. And what they all had in common were green walls, floors smeared with red mastic, echoing staircases, the warm stench of locker rooms, and on the third floor landing the scary-eyed Saltykov-Shchedrin, vaguely writing about some crucian carp.

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses answer case questions and explain in the main part words that have the meaning of speech, thought, feeling. Lexical meaning These words require clarification: what did he say(answered, shouted, asked) what I thought, what I felt(what I was happy about, what I’m happy about, what I’m confident about, what I’m sorry about, what’s desirable, etc.).

Such sentences require completion with the help of a subordinate explanatory part, both in meaning and grammatically. The subordinate clause may contain a demonstrative word That, with which you can direct the attention of the listener or reader to the content of the subordinate clause: He himself was surprised that that listens into this emptiness (F. Iskander).

The subordinate part most often comes after the main part and is joined to it with the help of conjunctions and allied words what, so that, how, as if, whether, how much, where, when, whither, why, how, why.

Indirect speech is conveyed by complex sentences with explanatory clauses.

8. Syntactic synonyms

I. Write down the sentences. Place commas and explain their placement. Name the type of subordinate clauses, indicate the word that they explain in the main part. In which part of the sentence is someone else's speech indirectly reproduced?

II. Write down the sentences, replacing indirect speech with direct speech. How, in this case, are personal and possessive pronouns? Whose point of view do they represent in direct speech?

1. The guide warned us to be very careful. 2. Mom asked me to find the information she needed for the article on the Internet. 3. The sailors said that the Don was becoming dangerously shallow and that its sources were being covered with sand ( K. Paustovsky). 4. Kozonkov asked where I live ( V. Belov). 5. The interlocutor, starting with the number and quality of heirs, asked where and who I work for ( V. Belov).

9. Constructing sentences

I. Read the test questions. After answering them, analyze whether you can communicate effectively. Evaluate your answers like this: Always- 2 points, in most cases- 4 points, Sometimes- 6 points, rarely - 8 points, never- 10 points. You will receive the exact answer with maximum sincerity. If you end up scoring above 62 points, you are a good conversationalist.

II. Indicate complex sentences. Write down the number of the complex sentence, draw up its diagram, and indicate the type of subordinate clause in brackets.

ІІІ. Simple sentences include the composition of a complex sentence as a subordinate part. Build the main part like this: The psychologist asked, ... ; The presenter clarified, ... ; I asked, ...etc. Circle the conjunction-particle whether. How will the punctuation change at the end of the sentence?

Your communication style
1. Do you try to interrupt a conversation if the topic or your interlocutor is not interesting to you?
2. Can an unsuccessful or tactless expression of your interlocutor provoke you to be harsh or rude?
3. Can the manners of your interlocutors irritate you?
4. Do you avoid talking with an unknown or unfamiliar person, even when he strives to do so?
5. Do you have a habit of interrupting your interlocutor?
6. Do you pretend that you are listening attentively to your interlocutor, while thinking about something completely different?
7. Does your tone, voice, or facial expression change if the tone of your interlocutor has changed?
8. Do you change the topic of conversation if the interlocutor touches on a topic that is unpleasant to you?
9. Do you correct your interlocutor if there are incorrectly pronounced words, distorted names, or terms in his speech?
10. Are you sometimes ironic towards your interlocutor?

(According to L. Averchenko)

10. Homework

Option 1 . Copy the text of the exercise. Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Circle unions or allied words, indicate the type subordinate clauses. Explain the placement of the colon in the first sentence. Specify offers with indirect speech.

Option 2 . Copy the text of the exercise, transforming sentences with indirect speech into sentences with direct speech. Explain the placement of the colon and thyrsus.

Today I received a "D" in physical education: I did not jump very high, did not jump long, and mixed up all the gymnastic exercises.

There was nothing joyful about it. The physical education teacher reminded me that our school is in first place in the region in terms of sports activities. He said that I should have gone to another school that was not in such an honorable place in the area as ours. During recess, the class teacher warned me not to think that physical education was a secondary subject. And she said that in general you just have to start: today you get a bad mark in physical education and tomorrow you get a bad mark in literature or even in mathematics(our class teacher is a math major). And the class leader, Knyazev, simply said that I was a wimp.

(A. Aleksin)

Option 3 . Copy the text. Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Underline the participial and adverbial phrases as parts of the sentence. Justify the placement of dashes in sentences.

I entered my class and began to look for the desk at which I had once sat. Wait, where was I sitting? In tenth grade, my neighbor was Seryozha Voropaev - that’s for sure. We were sitting by the window, there was a free desk in front and then there was the teacher’s desk... Now I remember! Our desks were powerful, monolithic. The lids of the desks covered with rock paintings were painted over with a thick layer every year green paint. But the traces left by previous generations still appeared.

Moving from class to class, we grew out of our sledges like out of children's clothes - and this was called growing up. Welcoming the incoming teacher, we stood up and slammed the hinged lids - and there was some special solemnity in this.

(According to Yu. Polyakov)

Option 4 . From exercise 7, write out the second text (author T. Tolstaya), replacing participial phrases with attributive clauses. Underline the participial phrases as parts of the sentence. Indicate the word defined by the participial phrase with an x.

Option 5 .

1. Copy the text, placing punctuation marks and replacing highlighted subordinate clauses with participial and participial phrases, and direct speech with indirect speech.

2. Consider any phenomenon of nature or life, identifying the possible goals of this phenomenon from different points of view. Write an essay, trying to use the same syntactic structures as in the text of this exercise. Someone else's speech convey in the form of indirect speech.

Bee who was sitting on a flower stung the child. And the child is afraid of bees and says the purpose of a bee is to sting people. The poet admires the bee which stuck into the cup of a flower and says the purpose of the bee is to absorb the scent of flowers. Beekeeper who noticed that the bee collects flower dust and brings it to the hive says the purpose of the bee is to collect honey. Another when observing the relocation of plants sees that the bee is facilitating this migration. And this new observer can say This is the purpose of the bee.

But the final goal of the bee is not limited to either one or another or a third goal that the human mind is able to discover. The higher the mind rises in the discovery of these goals, the more obvious to it is the inaccessibility of the final goal. Man can only observe the correspondence between the life of a bee and other phenomena of life. The same goes for the goals of historical figures and peoples.

(According to L. Tolstoy)

A.N.Rudyakov, T.Ya. Frolova. Russian language 9th grade

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Lesson content

), there are four main types of subordinate clauses:

• definitive,
• explanatory,
• circumstantial (mode of action and degree, place, time, condition, cause, purpose, comparison, concession, consequence),
• connecting.

Subordinate clauses

Refers to a noun or pronoun. Answer questions about definitions ( Which? which? which?).
Join using allied words: which, which, whose, what, where, when, from, etc.
And also unions: so that, as if, exactly, as if, etc.

Examples

• [The alarm clock rang]. Alarm Which?(Which my grandmother gave to me). [Alarm clock rang( which my grandmother gave me)].
• [The house burned to the ground]. House Which?(Where I was born). [House( where I was born) burned to the ground].
• [A.S. More than one monument was erected to Pushkin]. A.S. Pushkin which one?(Whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate). [A.S. Pushkin( , whose contribution to the development of Russian literature can hardly be overestimated,) erected more than one monument].
• [That day my life changed]. per day Which?(When I understood everything). [On that day( when I understood everything) my life has changed].

Explanatory clauses

Refers to a verb. Answer case questions ( Who? What? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? etc.).
Join using allied words: who, what, which, whose, where, where, where, how, why, why, how much
And also unions: what, in order, as if, as if, as if, etc.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

• [I'm definitely sure]. Sure in what?(In that the Earth has the shape of a ball). [I'm sure( that the earth is spherical)].
• [He found out]. Found out What?(How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite). [He found out( , how many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite)].
• [They understood]. Got it What?(Why did I do this). [They understood( why did I do this)].

Adverbial clauses

Common circumstances play a role. Answer detailed questions. Like ordinary circumstances, they are divided into several types:

Subordinate clause type	Questions it answers	Linking using conjunctions	Linking using allied words	Examples
Mode of action	How? how?	how, what, so that, as if, exactly		[I walked through the freshly fallen snow]. Shel How?(So ​​that the snowflakes crunched under my feet). [I walked through freshly fallen snow( so that the snowflakes crunched under my feet)].
Measures and degrees	how much? to what extent?	what, how	how much, how much	[He ate a lot of apples]. Ate how much?(So ​​much so that my stomach hurt later) [He ate So a lot of apples( that my stomach hurt later)].
Places	Where? Where? where?		where, where, where	[I got tired of everything and left]. I went Where?(Where I could finally rest). [I got tired of everything and went there(where I could finally rest)].
Time	When? How long? since when? until when?	when, while, while, as soon as, since, until		[The moon rises]. Rising When?(When night falls) [Moon rises( when night falls)].
Goals	For what? for what purpose?	so that (so that)		[I took the medicine]. Drank For what?(To cure a cold). [I took the medicine( to cure a cold)].
Reasons	Why? why?	because, because, since, for		[He has changed]. Changed Why?(Because there was no reason to stay the same). [He has changed That's why(that there was no reason to stay the same)].
Terms	under what condition?	if, when, times		[I will eat this apple]. I'll eat under what condition?(If it is not poisoned). [I'll eat this apple( , if it is not poisoned)].
Concessions	no matter what?	although, despite the fact that, let, let	no matter how much, no matter how	[He reached his goal]. Reached no matter what?(Even though I was disturbing him all this time). [He reached his goal( , even though I was disturbing him all this time)].
Consequences	And..? hence..?	So		[I was on top of the world]. And?(So ​​I had no reason to worry). [I was on top of the world( , so I had no reason to worry)].
Comparative	How?	as if, as if		[She fluttered around the apartment]. fluttered How?(Like a young butterfly flutters, having just learned to fly). [She fluttered around the apartment( like a young butterfly flutters, having just learned to fly)].

Subordinate clauses

Apply to the entire main part.
Join with the help of allied words: what, where, where, where, when, how, why
They supplement and explain the content of the main part. Often they have the meaning of a consequence.

Examples

• He was worried( , that’s why I couldn’t pass the exam successfully).
• My brother never opened the book during all this time( that didn't give me peace of mind).

See also

Notes

Links

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Main clause - Dictionary of literary terms

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what a “subordinate clause” is in other dictionaries:

Subordinate clause- SUBJECT CLAUSE. See main sentence... Dictionary of literary terms

APPENDIX, tka, m. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

A syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. Vladimir saw with horror that he had driven into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). Describe the feeling I had at that time... ...

The dependent part of a complex sentence containing a conjunction or a conjunctive word. Refers to the entire main clause or to one word in it (additional, attributive clauses). F.I. Buslaev laid the foundation... ... Literary encyclopedia

- (gram.). This is what is called, in contrast to the main sentence, a sentence that does not have an independent, integral meaning without the main sentence. The syntactic structure of all Indo-European languages ​​shows beyond doubt that the creation of the category P... Encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

subordinate clause- linguistic Part of a complex sentence, syntactically subordinate to the main part (main clause) and connected to it by a conjunction or a conjunctive word. P ot sentence of reason. Conditional sentence... Dictionary of many expressions

subordinate clause- See main sentence... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE- (following p., German Nachsatz), this is the name, by analogy with the terminology of grammar, the second part of the musical period, corresponding to its first part, which is called the main (previous) sentence and ends for the most part ... ... Musical dictionary Riman

Subordinate clause answering the question which? and relating to a member of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or a substantivized word. Subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A subordinate clause that answers any case question and relates to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion: without a subordinate clause, the main clause would be structurally and semantically incomplete. Subordinate clauses... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Explanatory clauses answer questions about indirect cases. The main part needs semantic explanation; the main part without a subordinate clause looks unfinished.

Examples: Still, it seems to me that you do not have the right to do this. (I think so?)

Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses answer the question which?; delivered not from the main part, but from the noun. In an explanatory clause there is always the word “which” or a word that can be replaced with it.

Examples: She sang tunes that moved me to tears. (what are the motives?)

Subordinate adverbial clauses

Adverbial clauses answer adverb questions. Since there are many adverb questions, we will divide adverbial clauses into subtypes:

The purpose clause answers the question “for what purpose?” The subordinate clause always contains the word “so that”

Examples: To come quickly New Year, we moved the clock hands forward.

Subordinate concession. In a subordinate clause there is always a conjunction “although” or another synonym (despite the fact that, that neither, no matter how...)

Examples: The prince has a stupid face, although many considered him a dull person.

Subordinate clause. The subordinate clause always contains the conjunction “so that”. A comma must be placed before so.

Examples: The boat had no oars, so we had to row it with a board.

Additional reasons. The subordinate reason always contains the conjunction “because” or its synonym (since, because)

Subordinate conditions. There is a conjunction “if”, but sometimes the conjunction “if” can be played by the conjunction “when”.

Examples: If I had known all the consequences, I would not have gotten into the water.

Subordinate modus operandi. Answers the question “how?”, indicates the method of action.

Examples: He ate as if he had not eaten for three days.

Measures and degrees.

Examples: It was so dark that I couldn't see anything.

Subordinate clause of comparison.

Examples: The air occasionally trembled, like disturbed water trembles.

Subordinate clause of time. There is always the question “when?”

Examples: When I woke up, it was already dawn.

Subordinate place. Answers the questions “where? Where? where?"

REMEMBER: The main thing for determining the type of subordinate clauses is the semantic question.

Conjunctions and allied words can add additional shades of meaning to a complex sentence.

Example: The village where Evgeniy was bored was a charming place. — This is a complex sentence with a subordinate attributive, which has an additional spatial connotation of meaning.

In the Russian language, there is a group of complex sentences, the subordinate parts of which cannot be called either attributive, explanatory, or adverbial. These are complex sentences with subordinate clauses.

Such subordinate clauses contain an additional, incidental, additional message to the content of the main part of the complex sentence. In this sense, such subordinate clauses often approach in meaning to plug-in constructions.

The means of communication in them are the conjunctive words that, why, why, why, as a result of which, etc., which seem to repeat in a generalized form the content of the main part.

For example: His enemies, his friends, which may be one and the same thing, honored him this way and that. (A. Pushkin) The coachman decided to travel along the river, which was supposed to shorten the naked journey by three miles. (A. Pushkin)

It is impossible to pose a question to connecting subordinate clauses, since in the main part of a complex sentence there is no word or phrase that would require the presence of a subordinate clause.

Algorithm for determining the type of subordinate clause

1). Determine the main part of a complex sentence.

2). Identify the reference word in the main part (if there is one).

3). Ask the question from the main part to the subordinate clause:

• from the content of the main part as a whole;
• from the predicate in the main part;
• from a noun or pronoun in the main part;
• It is impossible to ask a question to a subordinate clause (with adjuncts and comparatives).

4). Indicate the means of communication in the subordinate part (conjunctions or allied words).

Subordinate clause- a syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word.

For example: Vladimir saw with horror that he drove into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). Portray the feeling which I was experiencing at the time, very difficult(Korolenko). Term used in educational practice "subordinate clause" usually replaced in theoretical works by the term “subordinate part”(accordingly, instead of “main sentence” - “main part”); This avoids the use of the same term “sentence” in relation to the whole and its individual parts, and also emphasizes the interconnectedness of the structural parts of a complex sentence.

Subordinate clause may be related to as a separate word(group of words) of the main sentence, performing the function of expanding or explaining these members.

For example: She dreams that she is walking through a snowy meadow(Pushkin) (the subordinate clause extends the predicate of the main sentence is dreaming). His nature was one of those who need an audience for a good deed.(L. Tolstoy) (the subordinate clause explains the group of words one of those).

In other cases, the subordinate clause correlates with the entire composition of the main clause.

For example: If grandfather left home, grandmother would arrange the most interesting meetings in the kitchen.(Gorky) (the subordinate clause refers to the main thing as a whole).

A subordinate clause can clarify a word in the main clause that is not a member of the sentence.

For example: Grow, a country where, by the will of a single people, all merged into one people!(Lebedev-Kumach) the subordinate clause refers to the address word country).

A subordinate clause can refer to two main clauses as a whole.

For example: It was already quite dawn and people began to rise when I returned to my room.(L. Tolstoy).

Classification of types of subordinate clauses

School textbooks present two types of classifications of subordinate clauses.

In the complexes of T.A. Ladyzhenskaya and M.M. Razumovsky subordinate clauses are divided into three groups: definitive , explanatory And circumstances ; the latter are divided into subgroups.

In the V.V. complex Babaytseva's subordinate clauses are divided into subject , predicates , definitive , additional And circumstances depending on which member of the sentence is replaced by a subordinate clause (to determine the type of subordinate clause, questions are asked to various members of the sentence).

Since the classification adopted in the complexes of T.A. is more common in the practice of school and pre-university teaching. Ladyzhenskaya and M.M. Razumovskaya, let’s turn to her.

Let's present information about the types of subordinate clauses in the form of a summary table.

Types of subordinate clauses

1. Definitive (including pronominal attributives)	Answer questions Which? whose? who exactly? What exactly? and refer to a noun or pronoun in the main part; most often joined with the help of allied words which, which, whose, where etc. and unions what, to, as if etc.	The native places where I grew up will forever remain in my heart; That, who does nothing, will achieve nothing; She looked with such a look that everyone was silent.
2. Explanatory	They answer questions about indirect cases and usually refer to the predicate in the main part; join through unions what, so, if, if, if etc. and allied words where, where, how many, which etc.	I soon realized that I was lost; It seemed to him as if everyone around him was happy about his happiness.
3. Circumstantial:
mode of action, measure and degree	Answer questions How? how? to what extent? to what extent? how much? and usually refer to one word in the main sentence; join through unions what, to, as if, exactly and allied words how, how much, how much.	We're so tired that we couldn't go further.
time	Answer questions When? From what time? until what time? How long? when, while, how, while, as, while, as long as, after, barely, since, only, slightly, before, as soon as, just, just, just, only, just a little, earlier than, before.	Until the rain stops, you will have to stay at home.
places	Answer questions Where? Where? where? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join with the help of allied words where, where, where.	People go to folklore practice where they are still alive folk traditions songs, tales
goals	Answer questions For what? for what purpose? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join through unions so that, in order to, in order to, then that, in order, if only, yes, if only.	To avoid getting lost, we went out onto the path.
reasons	Answer questions Why? why? for what reason? and usually refer to the entire main clause; are joined with the help of conjunctions because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because of the fact that, then that, since, for, good, since, in connection with the fact that, especially since .	Because the candle burned weakly, the room was almost dark.
conditions	Answer the question under what condition? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join through unions if, if, when, if, if, how, once, as soon, whether... whether.	If the weather does not improve within 24 hours, the trip will have to be postponed.
concessions	Answer questions no matter what? in spite of what? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join through unions although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let and combinations of pronominal words with a particle no matter how, no matter where, no matter how much, no matter where.	Even though it was already well after midnight b, the guests did not leave; No matter how you rot the tree, it keeps growing.
comparisons	Answer questions like what? like who? than what? than who? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join through unions as, just as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, what.	Birch branches reach towards the sun, as if they were holding out their hands to him.
consequences	They answer questions about why what happened? what follows from this? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join by union So.	The summer was not very hot so the mushroom harvest should be good.

Subordinate clauses can be attached to the main clause using a particle whether, used in the meaning of a union.

For example: He didn't know if tomorrow would come. Union-particle whether can serve to convey an indirect question: They asked if we would go with them.

REMEMBER: The main thing for determining the type of subordinate clauses is the semantic question.

Conjunctions and allied words can add additional shades of meaning to a complex sentence.

For example: The village where Evgeniy was bored was a charming place. This complex sentence with attributive clause , having an additional spatial connotation of meaning.

In the Russian language, there is a group of complex sentences, the subordinate parts of which cannot be called either attributive, explanatory, or adverbial. This complex sentences with subordinate clauses .

Such clauses contain additional, incidental, additional message to the content of the main part of a complex sentence. In this sense, such subordinate clauses often approach in meaning to plug-in constructions.

The means of communication in them are allied words what, why, why, why, as a result of which and others, which seem to repeat in a generalized form the content of the main part.

For example: His enemies, his friends, which may be the same thing, he was honored this way and that.(A. Pushkin) The coachman decided to travel along the river, which was supposed to shorten the naked path by three miles. (A. Pushkin)
It is impossible to pose a question to connecting subordinate clauses, since in the main part of a complex sentence there is no word or phrase that would require the presence of a subordinate clause.

Algorithm for determining the type of subordinate clause

1. Determine the main part of a complex sentence.

2. Identify the supporting word in the main part (if there is one).

3. Ask a question from the main part to the subordinate clause:

b) from the predicate in the main part;

c) from a noun or pronoun in the main part;

d) it is impossible to ask a question to a subordinate clause (with adjuncts and comparatives).

4. Indicate the means of communication in the subordinate part (conjunctions or allied words).

5. Name the type of subordinate clause.

Training exercises.

Workshop No. 1

I

For example: [ch.], (what).

For example: [It was quiet], (so I could hear the babbling of the stream). (As a result of what happened? Subordinate clause)

1. Grandmother woke up because a kitten was meowing loudly at the door.

2. I really don’t like to go where it rains.

3.I approached the lakewhere we fished.

4. I am confident that you will succeed.

5. As soon as the boy understood the question, he immediately answered it.

6.You won't know what's sweet if you don't know what's bitter.

7.Irina covered the hedgehog with a bag to avoid getting hurt.

8. I continued on my way although it was already dark.

9. There was a boySo clever that I fell in love with him.

So as ifit was everyone who grumbled forgotten centuries(Bitter).

12. Savelich was so amazed by my words that he clasped his hands and was dumbfounded. (Pushkin).

13.AsI spoke, the professor frowned more and more (Veresaev).

Workshop No. 2

Determining the types of subordinate clauses in complex sentences.

Punctuation marks in complex sentences.

I .Copy down, indicate the main and subordinate clauses.

For example: [ch.], (what).Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Write down the question, determine the type of subordinate clause.

1. Did you want someone like you to love you? (Bitter)

2.I talked about beautythose places where I'm going for the summer.

3. Where there used to be a lonely rock there was a pile of rubble (Arseev).

4. She knew how to cook because she had once studied at culinary courses.

5. Even if he is dissatisfied, I will forbid the maid to give him chess (Nabokov).

6. I had to stop to give the horses a rest. (Arsenyev).

7. It already seemed to him that he was being carried too slowly. (Field).

8. She deftly circled in one place so thatit turned out something like a waltz (Durov).

from where Maria Ivanovna was supposed to leave and fast there with her for the last time. (Pushkin). 10. When people live in perfect harmony, they understand each other perfectly (Aitmatov).

11. Lariska got up and didn’t walk, but swam to the mirror as ifshe has a glass of water on her head.

12.Then he stood up and stretchedSo that the bones crunched. (Bitter).

13. While Tyulpanov was reading the dispatch, Fandorin sat motionless and staring intently at one point. (Akunin).

Workshop No. 1

ANSWERS.

Determining the types of subordinate clauses in complex sentences.

Punctuation marks in complex sentences.

I .Copy down, indicate the main and subordinate clauses.

For example: [ch.], (what).Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Write down the question, determine the type of subordinate clause.

For example: [It was quiet], (so I could hear the babbling of the stream). (As a result of what happened? Subordinate clause)

1. Grandma woke upthat's why , What A kitten meowed loudly at the door. (Why? Subordinate reasons))

2. I really don’t like going there,Where It's raining. (Where? Subordinate clause)

3.I approached the lake,Where we were fishing. (Which one? Subjective attribute)

4.I'm sureWhat you will succeed. (In what? Subordinate explanatory)

5.Boyas soon as I understood the question and answered it immediately. (When? Subordinate tense)

6.You won’t recognize sweetsIf you don't know bitter things. (Under what condition? Subordinate conditions).

7.Irina,to don’t get stuck, covered the hedgehog with a sum. (For what purpose? Clause of purpose).

8.I continued on my way,Although It's already dark. (In spite of what? In spite of what? Clause of concession).

9. There was a boySo dexterous,What I fell in love with him. (To what extent? Subordinate clause).

10. How further I walked away from home,those my soul became more anxious. (Than what? Comparative clauses).

11.The old woman’s creaky voice soundedSo , as if All forgotten centuries grumbled about this (Gorky). (How? In what way? Clause of manner of action)

12. SavelichSo I was amazed by my wordsWhat He clasped his hands and was dumbfounded. (Pushkin). (To what extent? How much? Subordinate clause)

13. As I spoke, the professor frowned more and more (Veresaev). (To what extent? Subordinate measure).

Workshop No. 2

Answers.

Determining the types of subordinate clauses in complex sentences.

Punctuation marks in complex sentences.

I .Copy down, indicate the main and subordinate clauses.

For example: [ch.], (what).Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Write down the question, determine the type of subordinate clause.

For example: [It was quiet], (so I could hear the babbling of the stream). (As a result of what happened? Subordinate clause).

1. I wantedso that did she love you like that? (Bitter). (What? WHAT? Subordinate explanatory clause).

2.I talked about beautythose places,Where I'm going for the summer. (Which ones? Subordinate attributive).

3.ThereWhere There used to be a lonely rock, there was a pile of rubble (Arseev). (Where? Subordinate clause)

4. She knew how to cook,because I once took a culinary course. (Why? For what reason? Clause of reason).

5. Let he will be dissatisfied, I will forbid the maid to give him chess (Nabokov). (Despite what? In spite of what? Subordinate clause).

6. I had to stopto give the horses a rest. (Arsenyev). (For what? For what purpose? Subordinate clause of purpose).

7. It already seemed to himWhat he is being carried too slowly. (Field). (WHAT? Subordinate explanatory clause).

8. She deftly circled in one place,So it turned out something like a waltz (Durov). (WHY WHAT? Subordinate clause)

9. I intended to go to the fortress gates, where Maria Ivanovna had to leave and fast with her there for the last time. (Pushkin). (WHAT? Subjective attribute).

10. When people live in perfect harmony, they understand each other perfectly (Aitmatov). (UNDER WHAT CONDITION? Subordinate condition).

11. Lariska got up and didn’t walk, but swam to the mirror,as if she has a glass of water on her head. (HOW? LIKE WHAT? Comparative clause).

12.Then he stood up and stretchedSo, What Bones crunched. (Bitter). (To what extent? How much? Subordinate clause).

13. Bye Tyulpanov read the dispatch, Fandorin sat motionless and staring intently at one point. (Akunin). (When? How long? Since when? Subordinate time).

Literature.

1. Maltseva L.I., Nelin P.I., Smerechinskaya N.M. Russian language. 9th grade. – Rostov n/a: Publisher Maltsev D.A., M.: Public education, 2017.-384 pp.

2. Danilevska N.V., Duskaeva L.R. Russian grammar in tables and tests. Phonetics, vocabulary, phraseology, morphology, syntax: Tutorial. 2nd edition, revised/Perm University - Perm, 2005